Reactions of Alkyl and Aryl halides
In organic chemistry, an alkyl halide is formed when an atom of hydrogen is switched by a halogen in a hydrocarbon or aliphatic compound. An aryl halide is formed when an atom of hydrogen is substituted by a halogen atom in an aromatic compound. Metals react with aryl halides and alkyl halides and they also go through nucleophilic substitution reactions and elimination reactions.
Zaitsev's Rule in Organic Chemistry
Alexander Zaitsev (also pronounced as Saytzeff), in 1875, prepared a rule to help predict the result of elimination reactions which stated, "The favored product in dehydrohalogenation reactions is that alkene that has the majority of alkyl groups attached to the double-bonded carbon atoms."
Tosylate
Tosylates are important functional groups in organic chemistry, mainly because of two important properties which they possess:
Alkyl Halides
A functional group is a collection of several atoms or bonds with certain characteristic chemical properties and reactions associated with it. There is a presence of a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I; it represents any halogen atom), as a functional group in alkyl halides. Therefore, it can be said that alkanes that contain a halogen compound are called alkyl halides.
The image shows a cyclopentyl group attached to a bromine atom (Br) reacting with sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH).
**Options:**
- O Mixture of SN2 and E2
- O Mixture of SN1 and E1
- O SN2
- O E2
**Explanation:**
In organic chemistry, understanding the mechanism by which a reaction proceeds is essential for predicting products and reaction conditions. Here, we need to determine whether the reaction is more likely to proceed through a substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (SN2) mechanism, a substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (SN1) mechanism, or others like E1 or E2 eliminations. The given options suggest that the reaction may not only fall into one category but might be a mixture of mechanisms.
**Detailed Content:**
**Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular (SN2):**
- The SN2 mechanism involves a nucleophile attacking the carbon atom directly resulting in the simultaneous displacement of the leaving group.
- It typically occurs with primary or secondary alkyl halides in an aprotic solvent.
- The nucleophile must be strong, for example, \( \text{NaSH} \), which in this case would act as a strong nucleophile.
**Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular (SN1):**
- The SN1 mechanism involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate. This is a two-step mechanism and is typically favored by tertiary alkyl halides.
- It usually occurs in a protic solvent.
- The leaving group (in this case \( \text{Br} \)) must be stable enough to form a carbocation.
**Elimination E1 and E2:**
- Like SN1, E1 involves carbocation formation and a separate loss of a proton resulting in a double bond.
- E2, on the other hand, is a single-step mechanism where the base removes a proton as the leaving group leaves.
**Analysis of given reaction:**
- Given NaSH is a strong nucleophile.
- Bromine (Br) is a good leaving group.
- This combination suggests a likelihood of an SN2 mechanism if the environment is conducive.
**Conclusion:**
The most appropriate choice for the given reaction based on these characteristics would likely be the](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fa4b8199f-1785-4bf8-892f-b1973e07d452%2Fa211cda9-cec5-4071-a70d-42b371c13b8b%2Fmkt85_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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