bulk filter-feeding (baleen only) (not to scale) Pleist. 1.8 Pliocene 5.3 Late bulk filter- macrophagy (teeth only) feeding (teeth/baleen) 11.6 Middle 15.9 Early 54(3) 23.0- Late 28.0- 63(4)- 194(8) Early 76(4 100(13) large body size Ledentulous rostrum 92(5)- 34.0- baleen elongated and flattened rostrum Late 99(9) small body size foreshortened rostrum fibrocartilaginous mandibular symphysis 38.0- Middle broad-based rostrum 48.6 Early 55.8 100(35) Figure 1. The phylogenetic tree of the Mysticeti. Question 2. List three synapomorphies shared by the extant filter-feeding whales. Eocene Oligocene Mioсene CHMTM

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Microscopic examination

The analysis of minute organisms, cellular organization of any biological structure, and composition of body fluids with the help of a microscope is known as microscopic examination. The magnification of specimens or samples under study helps in attaining a clearer picture of it.

Gram Staining

Named after Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist, Gram stain is one of the most powerful staining techniques within microbiology. This technique was introduced in 1882 to identify pneumonia-causing organisms. The Gram staining technique uses crystal violet or methylene blue as primary staining colors to distinguish gram-positive from gram-negative organisms. Under a microscope, the gram-positive organisms appear purple-brown, retaining the primary color. Gram-negative organisms appear pink or red as they do not acquire the color of the primary stain.