Bromine (Br2) has a normal melting point of – 7.2°C and a normal boiling point of 59°C. The triple point of Br2 is – 7.3°C and 40 mm Hg, and the critical point is 320°C and 100 atm. a) Using the above information, sketch a phase diagram for bromine indicating all the points described above. b) Based on your diagram, order the three phases (solid, liquid and gas) from least dense to most dense. c) What is the stable phase of Br2 at room temperature and 1 atm? d) Under what temperature conditions can liquid bromine never exist? e) What phase changes occur as the temperature of a sample of bromine at 0.10 atm is increased from – 50°C to 200°C?
States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
Bromine (Br2) has a normal melting point of – 7.2°C and a normal boiling point of 59°C.
The triple point of Br2 is – 7.3°C and 40 mm Hg, and the critical point is 320°C and 100
atm.
a) Using the above information, sketch a phase diagram for bromine indicating all the
points described above.
b) Based on your diagram, order the three phases (solid, liquid and gas) from least
dense to most dense.
c) What is the stable phase of Br2 at room temperature and 1 atm?
d) Under what temperature conditions can liquid bromine never exist?
e) What phase changes occur as the temperature of a sample of bromine at 0.10 atm is
increased from – 50°C to 200°C?
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