Briefly describe how the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) causes immunodeficiency associated with the development of Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Q: Identify and describe important targeted ISGs (interferon-stimulated genes)

A: Interferons stimulated genes are the genes which are stimulated when a particular pathogen specially…

Q: Briefly list three mechanisms by which monoclonal antibodies that bind to viruses or virally…

A: Microscopically small infectious organisms known as viruses can only replicate inside the cells of…

Q: “Type I interferons serve as the first line of defence against viral infections”. Give a schematic…

A: Type I interferons (IFNs) indeed serve as the first line of defense against viral infections. They…

Q: Adaptive Immunity Briefly describe the adaptive immune response to Canine Parvovirus .

A: Adaptive immunity is likewise referred to as acquired immunity or particular immunity and is only…

Q: Over the past year we have endured the Covid-19 pandemic. Accumulating evidence suggests that the…

A: Immmune system is a very important tool for fighting off the infection. The main features of immune…

Q: What are the preventions of AIDS?

A: Human immunodeficiency virus is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human…

Q: in mediated by chemical substances. Use the following words to come up with the output connected by…

A: Because of harmful stimuli, there is the arousal of the biological response by the body tissues that…

Q: What types of interferons are activated by viruses at the earliest stages of infection?

A: Often microbes attack our body and diseases may be caused whenever the immunity becomes weak

Q: What are the major routes of transmission of HIV?

A: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is responsible for causing AIDS (acquired immune deficiency…

Q: ne the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: X-linked Agammaglobulinaemia.…

A: X linked disorder is a disorder in which mutation occurs in X chromosome.  Agammaglobulinaemia means…

Q: Define monoclonal antibody.

A: An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly…

Q: A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world.…

A: * Viruses can transmit and replicate faster and can multiply their genome within seconds if host is…

Q: Which antibody type description among A-D is falsely characterized? A) OIGA: form dimers; prevent…

A: All antibodies are secreted by the B-cells.  Antibodies are classified into 5 main classes i.e IgG,…

Q: Given what we know about HIV, describe the impact of this virus on humoral and cellular immunity.…

A: The retrovirus known as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) preferentially attacks and kills CD4+ T…

Q: Define the different types of graft rejection.

A: Introduction  The immune system of a transplant recipient fights the transplanted organ or tissue…

Q: Discuss three mechanism by which antibody mediate the destruction of pathogen.

A: Antibody An antibody(Ab) is a large protein molecules. The structure of antibody molecule is Y…

Q: Explain : Vpr counteracts LAPTM5 to promote HIV-1 infection in macrophages

A: Vpr means viral protein R and it is a HIV  gene and protein product. This gene is responsible for…

Q: The attached image has the following Newick format: ((HIV-1 retropepsin:0.67441,(HIV-2…

A: Newick tree format is a phylogenetic tree format that can be used to analyze species relationships…

Q: Explain why it is not possible for someone to contract a disease through a vaccine, but still have…

A: Vaccine-  A vaccine is defined as any substance which is used to stimulate the production of…

Q: hortly discuss the different immunodeficiency and immunoproliferative disorders and include the…

A: Immunodeficiency diseases: Immunodeficiency diseases elicit the immune system to fail, resulting in…

Q: hich of the four major structural proteins, namely spike (S), membrane (M), and envelope (E), is the…

A: Details about Targets , frequency and durability of coronavirus vaccine is given below with…

Q: Briefly Explain this statement "Immunomodulator Agents "-Please explain at your own words.

A: There are certain drugs  which can modulate the immune response are called Immunomodulator. They are…

Q: There is a variety of organs routinely transplanted in clinical  medicine. Knowing that organ…

A: A  medical procedure that includes transferring the tissue or an organ from one person's…

Q: A pathogenesis function f(t)t(t-21)(t + 1) is used to model the development of the disease, where t…

A:

Q: Identify the virus responsible for adult T-cell leukemia.

A: Adult T-cell leukemia is a mature T- cell malignancy,  characterized by organomegaly, hypercalcemia…

Q: An adaptive immune response underlying coeliac disease pathogenesis involves:       a)  Production…

A: Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the intestine and lead to inflammations. When…

Q: From a biological perspective, AIDS is passed more readily from women to men than from men to women.…

A: AIDS is a terminal illness caused by the virus HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). AIDS is an…

Q: Describe Class I MHC pathway of antigen processing and presentation. Highlight the functions of the…

A: The process by which foreign antigens are displayed on MHC, or major histocompatibility complex…

Q: The effector mechanisms that are recruited to clear an infection depend on the infectious agent.  In…

A: The immune system of a human being is concerned with the immune response towards the foreign…

Q: Briefly define the set of terms and explain how they relate to one another: MHC, HLA, Haplotype

A: A defense system in the body of an individual which constitutes a complex network of cells and…

Q: what is an autoimmune disease?

A: Immunity is defined as capability of body to safeguard themselves from the attack of infectious…

Q: Explain why Kaposi’s sarcoma is more common inimmunocompromised patients.

A: The immunocompromised patients are the patients who have impaired or weakened immune systems and do…

Q: Briefly explain the characteristics of the Immunoglobulin (Ig) Classes.

A: Immunoglobulin are proteins in nature. These are present on the surface of B cells and are secreted…

Q: At 5 months of age, Christina Kitchenman was admitted to the hospital with a fever and a severe…

A: The disease condition that is caused because of changing, or mutation, in DNA sequence, is defined…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.