Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of the α- and β- glucose anomers upon its dissolution in the solvent water. This process is usually seen in the chemistry of carbohydrates.
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotating the polarized light’s plane in the direction anticlockwise. L isomers are one of the 2 isomers formed by the configurational stereochemistry of the carbohydrates.
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![### Organic Chemistry Reaction Diagram
This educational diagram showcases two organic reaction mechanisms involving substituted alkyl halides. Below is a detailed explanation of each reaction and the compounds involved.
#### Reaction 1: Nucleophilic Substitution (SN2) Reaction
**Reactant:**
- The starting material is a chiral bromide, specifically 2-bromo-1-phenylpropane.
**Reaction Conditions:**
- A solution of sodium t-butoxide ((CH₃)₃CONa) in t-butanol ((CH₃)₃COH).
**Mechanism:**
- Sodium t-butoxide ((CH₃)₃CONa) acts as a strong nucleophile.
- It performs a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) on the bromine-bearing carbon.
**Product:**
- Results in a product where the bromine is replaced by a nucleophile.
#### Reaction 2: Elimination (E2) Reaction
**Reactant:**
- The starting material is a chiral iodide, specifically 2-iodo-1-phenylpropane.
**Reaction Conditions:**
- The reaction is carried out in t-butanol ((CH₃)₃COH) under heat (denoted by the triangle symbol, Δ).
**Mechanism:**
- t-Butanol ((CH₃)₃COH) acts as a solvent and the heat promotes the elimination reaction.
- The E2 mechanism involves the simultaneous removal of the iodide ion and a proton from the β-carbon, resulting in the formation of a double bond.
**Product:**
- The product is an alkene resulting from the elimination of hydrogen iodide (HI) from the reactant.
### Visual Description
The image contains structural formulas with clear stereochemistry indicated by wedges and dashes showing the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms around chiral centers. The additional notations indicate the use of different reagents and conditions for the reactions.
**For Educational Website:**
- Explaining these reactions helps in understanding the behavior of different substrates under nucleophilic substitution and elimination conditions.
- The diagrams are essential for visualizing the stereochemical outcomes and realizing the complexities associated with these reactions.
- Knowing the conditions and reagents is crucial for reproducing these transformations in a laboratory setting.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Ff57d3743-5e44-4060-83da-5d90a37d31c6%2F3ff80a33-01e7-4501-8772-5d543f20f372%2Fclica6s_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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