Catalysis and Enzymatic Reactions
Catalysis is the kind of chemical reaction in which the rate (speed) of a reaction is enhanced by the catalyst which is not consumed during the process of reaction and afterward it is removed when the catalyst is not used to make up the impurity in the product. The enzymatic reaction is the reaction that is catalyzed via enzymes.
Lock And Key Model
The lock-and-key model is used to describe the catalytic enzyme activity, based on the interaction between enzyme and substrate. This model considers the lock as an enzyme and the key as a substrate to explain this model. The concept of how a unique distinct key only can have the access to open a particular lock resembles how the specific substrate can only fit into the particular active site of the enzyme. This is significant in understanding the intermolecular interaction between proteins and plays a vital role in drug interaction.
![**Predicting Preferred Regiochemistry**
*Task:* Based on the intermediate shown, predict the preferred regiochemistry of this reaction.
**Diagram Explanation:**
The diagram presents a reaction intermediate with a positively charged bromonium ion. Two possible regioisomeric products, labeled I and II, can form from the addition of water (H₂O).
1. **Intermediate Structure:**
- A cyclic bromonium ion is shown as the starting point.
- The bromine is positively charged, indicating the presence of an electrophilic center.
2. **Product I:**
- Hydroxyl group (OH) on the more substituted carbon.
- Bromine (Br) on the less substituted carbon.
3. **Product II:**
- Bromine (Br) on the more substituted carbon.
- Hydroxyl group (OH) on the less substituted carbon.
**Choices:**
- **A) I:** Indicates preference for Product I.
- **B) II:** Indicates preference for Product II.
*Objective:* Choose the product with the preferred regiochemistry based on the stability and reactivity of the intermediate structure.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F9d612664-29d3-4f25-8110-f0e16c781315%2F1290ced4-f7f1-4154-8f89-e09d850a0063%2Fwg794c_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
![**Question:**
Identify the structure below that can rearrange by a 1,2-alkyl shift to form a tertiary carbocation.
**Structures:**
- **I:** A molecule with a secondary carbocation.
- **II:** A cyclohexane with a secondary carbocation.
- **III:** A cyclohexane with a tertiary carbocation.
- **IV:** A linear chain with a secondary carbocation.
**Answer Options:**
- **A) I**
- **B) II**
- **C) III**
- **D) IV**
**Explanation:**
The illustration consists of four different organic structures, each labeled with a Roman numeral (I-IV). The task is to determine which structure can undergo a 1,2-alkyl shift to transform into a tertiary carbocation. This involves examining the type of carbocation (primary, secondary, or tertiary) and the possibility of shifting adjacent alkyl groups that can stabilize the positive charge by forming a more substituted (and thus more stable) carbocation.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F9d612664-29d3-4f25-8110-f0e16c781315%2F1290ced4-f7f1-4154-8f89-e09d850a0063%2Fmreh8kk_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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