Both Neisseria meningitidis (a Gram-negative coccus) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (a Gram-positive coccus) cause high FEVER, INFLAMMATION and quick death. Bacterial cell walls For BOTH gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, a. discuss what cell walls compounds are responsible for those damages. b. Explain how those compounds affect the body?
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- Different strains of Streptococcus pyogenes have different virulence factors, giving these microbes much versatility. Virulence factors include which of the following? Choose one or more: A.A capsule that, when thick, will help the organism avoid phagocytosis by macrophages B.A cell wall containing lipoteichoic acid, thought to facilitate adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells C.Enzymes that lyse blood cells (streptolysins) D.The production of several endotoxins called streptococcal pyogenic endotoxins (SPEs)All of the following statements are correct regarding normal flora except Select one: a. The majority of skin normal flora is aerobic bacteria b. The majority of oral and intestinal normal flora are anaerobic bacteria c.The majority of normal flora is bacteria present in the large intestine d. Normal flora is only bacteriaA bacterium has the following characteristics:∙ It adheres to the human intestinal lining using a feature that protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration∙ It can survive being boiled∙ It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycanWhich of the following characteristics allows this bacterium to adhere to the intestinal lining? Group of answer choices A. fimbriae B. pili C. an endospore D. a flagellum
- Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Mucosal surfaces are better than skin surfaces at supporting colonization by commensal microorganisms. b. The skin provides a larger surface area than mucosal surfaces for commensal microorganisms. c. There are ten times as many bacteria residing in the intestinal tract than the number of cells in the human body. d. It is common for commensal bacteria to live in symbiosis with their human hosts. e. During gestation in mammals, a fetus does not have any commensal microorganisms on their skin or mucosal surfaces.1. Mucous membranes are barriers against colonization and growthof microorganisms. However, mucous membranes, for examplein the mouth and gut, are colonized with a variety of differentmicroorganisms, some of which are potential pathogens. Explainhow these potential pathogens are controlled under normalcircumstances. Then describe at least one set of circumstances thatmight encourage pathogenicity.Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treatS. aureus infections in a community, all new S. aureus infectionswere caused by MRSA. How can this best be explained?(A) A patient must have become infected with MRSA fromanother community.(B) In response to the drug, S. aureus began making drugresistant versions of the protein targeted by the drug.(C) Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the startof treatment, and natural selection increased theirfrequency.(D) S. aureus evolved to resist vaccines
- A bacterium has the following characteristics: I. It adheres to the human intestinal lining using a feature that protects it from phagocytes , bacteriophages, and dehydration. II. It can survive being boiled. III. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Which of the following characteristics allows this bacteria to survive in a human who is taking penicillin pills? A. gram-negative cell wall B. peptidoglycan in the cell wall C. lipopolysaccharides in the cytoplasm D. long polypeptides in the cell wallBecause of overuse of antibiotics and/or weakened governmental surveillance of infectious disease, several diseasesthat had been thought to be no longer a threat to humanhealth (e.g., pneumonia and tuberculosis) are rapidly becoming unmanageable. In several instances, so-called superbugs(microorganisms that are resistant to almost all known antibiotics) have been detected. How did this circumstancearise? What will happen if this process continues?8) Name the three basic shapes of the bacteria in the picture to the right. A C a. b. 9) These bacteria in the picture to the left are called Staphylococcus aureus. Give two reasons why is called aphylococcus. a. b.
- After a man infected with the bacterium Escherichia coli was treated with the correct antibiotic for this pathogen, the bacterium was no longer found in the man's blood, but his symptoms of fever and inflammation worsened. What caused the man's response to the treatment? Why was his condition worsened by the treatment?After a man infected with a Gram-negative bacterium was treated with the correct antibiotic for thispathogen, the bacterium was no longer found in the man’s blood, but his symptoms of fever andinflammation worsened. What caused the man’s response to the treatment? Why was his conditionworsened by the treatment?The most abundant component ofplasma is .a. wasteb. oxygenc. proteinsd. water