Bitcoin mining is also known as proof-of-work because in order to create a valid block, the miner has to spent a significant amount of computational work to figure out a nonce. Therefore, that the hash of the nonce and the block to be proposed is adequately small. Which of the following is NOT a reason to include proof-of-work in the designs of permissionless blockchains? 1. To randomly select nodes in proportion to their computing power. 2. To make mining so costly that miners have incentives to not create invalid blocks. 3. To make it impossible for one miner to act like many different miners. 4. To allow nodes to compete for the right to create blocks

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A: Ahmed is using a brute-force attack to decrypt a message between two teachers, which means that: