### Forelimb Skeletal Anatomy of Six Tetrapods This diagram provides a detailed comparison of the forelimb skeletal anatomy across six different tetrapods: Humans, Birds, Bats, Whales, Horses, and Cats. Each bone is color-coded to highlight the structural similarities and differences among these species. The color code is as follows: - **Humerus**: Purple - **Ulna**: Blue - **Radius**: Green - **Carpals**: Orange - **Metacarpals**: Yellow - **Phalanges**: Pink #### Description of Each Forelimb Structure: 1. **Human**: - The human forelimb is divided into the humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. - This structure is specialized for a range of motions including grasping and manipulation. 2. **Bird**: - The bird forelimb has been modified into a wing. - It includes a shortened humerus, an elongated radius and ulna, and modified carpals and metacarpals to support flight feathers. 3. **Bat**: - The bat’s wing is formed by an extended forelimb with elongated phalanges. - This allows the membrane of the wing to stretch between the extended digits and back to the body. 4. **Whale**: - The whale’s forelimb has adapted into a flipper. - The bones are flattened and shortened while retaining the same basic structure as other tetrapods. 5. **Horse**: - The horse’s forelimb is specialized for running. - It has a single prominent metacarpal (cannon bone) and elongated phalanges. 6. **Cat**: - A cat’s forelimb is well-suited for walking and running with flexibility for climbing and grasping. - It has a proportionate humerus, radius, and ulna with well-defined metacarpals and phalanges. #### Figure 8.4 The figure illustrates the similarities and variations in the structural composition of the fore limbs among these species, showing how evolutionary adaptations allow each species to thrive in their respective environments. The examination of these variations provides insight into the functionality and evolutionary biology of the limbs in different species. ## Animal Teeth Morphology ### Bobcat Teeth **Lynx rufus (bobcat)** - **Top Jaw (Front):** The frontal view of the bobcat's top jaw displays the structure and positioning of the teeth. - **Top Jaw (Transverse):** This view shows the top jaw from a horizontal cross-section, highlighting the dental arrangement. - **Top Jaw (Side):** A side perspective of the top jaw, showcasing the alignment and curvature of the teeth. - **Bottom Jaw (Front):** The bottom jaw seen from the front, exhibiting the incisors and canines. - **Bottom Jaw:** A direct view of the entire bottom jaw. - **Bottom Jaw (Side):** Side view of the bottom jaw, illustrating how the teeth are set in the jawbone. ### Fox Teeth **Vulpes velox (swift fox)** - **Top Jaw (Front):** Frontal view highlighting the swift fox’s top jaw teeth. - **Top Jaw (Transverse):** A cross-sectional horizontal view of the top jaw, showing the arrangement and structure. - **Top Jaw (Side):** Side perspective of the top jaw. - **Bottom Jaw (Transverse):** The bottom jaw viewed horizontally for an internal perspective. - **Bottom Jaw (Side):** Side view of the fox's bottom jaw. ### Pig Teeth **Sus scrofa (pig)** - **Top Jaw (Front):** Frontal view of the pig's top jaw displaying dental structures. - **Top Jaw (Transverse):** A cross-sectional view of the top jaw. - **Top Jaw (Side):** Side view of the top jaw illustrating the molars and canines. - **Bottom Jaw (Front):** Front view of the bottom jaw, showing tooth arrangement. - **Bottom Jaw (Transverse):** Bottom jaw viewed horizontally. - **Bottom Jaw (Side):** Side view showing the alignment of the teeth in the bottom jaw. ### Sheep Teeth **Ovis aries (sheep)** - **Top Jaw (Front):** Frontal view of the sheep's top jaw illustrating the dental configuration. - **Top Jaw (Transverse):** A transverse view of the top jaw. - **Top Jaw (Side):** Side view of the top jaw. - **Bottom Jaw (Front