The nuclear envelope bounds the nucleus on the outside and it separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope has two membranes. The inner membrane is smooth while the outer membrane may bear the ribosome to appear rough. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. The space between the two membranes is filled with perinuclear fluid.
The nucleolus is a naked, round structure attached to chromatic at nucleolar organizer region. There is no covering membrane present. It is a principal site for the rRNA development and ribosomal components.
Mitochondria are present in aerobic eukaryotes and take part in oxidative phosphorylation and Kreb’s cycle. They are known as powerhouse o the cell as they are the major center for energy release.
The Golgi body is a complex cytoplasmic structure made up of smooth membrane saccules or cisternae, a network of tubules with vesicles and vacuoles. it takes part in the membrane transformation, secretion, and production of biomolecules.
Centrioles are minute-submicroscopic microtubular subcylinder. They do not possess DNA but can form their own duplicates, astral poles, and basal bodies. They help in cell division by forming microtubules.
Ribosomes are sites for protein or polypeptide synthesis. They are present in the cytoplasm in a free state or may be attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Free ribosomes synthesize structural and enzymatic proteins to be used inside of the cell. Attached ribosomes synthesize proteins for transport
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has smooth membranes which do not bear ribosomes. It is formed of vesicles and tubules. It is engaged in the synthesis of glycogen, lipids, and sterols.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum possesses ribosomes attached to its surface thus has a rough membrane. It is mainly formed of cisternae and a few tubules. It is engaged in the synthesis of proteins and enzymes.
Cytoskeleton structures are extremely minute, fibrous, or tubular. They form the structural framework of the cell by maintaining the shape of the cell and its extension, regulating orientation and distribution of cell organelles, intracellular transport, and movement of the cells.
Cilium is 5-20 µm in length and occur throughout or major part of the surface of the cell. It produces sweeping or pendular strokes and helps in locomotion, aeration, feeding, circulation, etc.
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