Biologists use optical tweezers to manipulate micron-sized objects using a beam of light. In this technique, a laser beam is focused to a very small-diameter spot. Because small particles are attracted to regions of high light intensity, the focused beam can be used to “grab” onto particles and manipulate them for various experiments. In one experiment, a 10 mW laser beam is focused to a spot that has a diameter of 0.62 μm.a. What is the intensity of the light in this spot?b. What is the amplitude of the electric field?

Q: The bright star Mintaka (also known as δ Orionis,the western most star of Orion’s belt) is extremely…

A: Introduction: The sidereal day is the time it takes for the Earth to rotate about its axis so that…

Q: A laser beam at a wavelength of 1.11 μm is coupled into an optic fiber, resulting in 138.2 mW of…

A: As light travels through a fiber, the light gets attenuated due to losses in the fiber. These…

Q: Only 13.0% of the intensity of a polarized light wave passes through a polarizing filter. What is…

A: Write the equation for Malus law .

Q: Some unpolarized light has an intensity of 1315 W/m2 before passing through three polarizing…

A:

Q: a. Two points on earth’s surface at a distance of 1200 km are communicating using radio waves…

A: Solution:   a) Given Values,   Distance D=1200 km Height (h)= 280 km Maximum electron density Nmax=…

Q: A heater is being designed that uses a coil of nichrome wire (ρ = 100x10-8 Ω·m) to generate 100 W…

A: According to guidelines, I can solve 1st question only. If you want solutions for others, you can…

Q: The speed of a light wave in a certain transparent material is 0.617 times its speed in vacuum,…

A: Given: The speed of the wave is 0.617  times of the speed of the light. The frequency of the yellow…

Q: Morse code uses dots and dashes to represent symbols(letters, numbers, etc.). For example, C is…

A: Solution:-Given thatMorse code uses dots and dashes only to represent symbols.Number of symbols…

Q: A laser beam is directed toward the surface of a block of flint glass at an angle of 49.0° with…

A:

Q: Light passes from air into ice with part of the ray reflected and part refracted. The reflected and…

A:

Q: A beam of unpolarized light with an intensity of 100 W/m^2 is incident on a polarizer. The polarizer…

A: When unpolarized light encounters a polarizer, only the component of the light wave oscillating in…

Q: A spacecraft is traveling at almost the speed of light towards Alpha Proxima, the closest star…

A: A spacecraft is traveling at almost the speed of light towards Alpha Proxima, the closest star…

Q: What is the wavelength (in m) of a radio signal with a frequency of 101.5 MHz? Enter the numerical…

A: Given data:  Frequency (f) = 101.5 MHz Speed of light in vacuum (c) = 3.00×108 m/s Required: The…

Q: The speed (V) of light in any transparent material is less than the speed of light c in a vacuum: V…

A: The speed of light in alcohol is valcohol=cnalcohol=3×108 ms1.36=2.2×108 ms

Q: A) Suppose a star is 4.15 ✕ 1018 m from Earth. Imagine a pulse of radio waves is emitted toward…

A: We know that Time (t) = distance / speedAnd speed of waves and light is 3 x 10^8 m/st = 4.15 x 10^18…

Q: Pulsed lasers used in science and medicine produce very short bursts of electromagnetic energy. If…

A: Given values:  λ=1,062 nmλ=(1,062 nm)×(1.0×10−9m1.0nm)λ=1,062×10−9m…

Q: Index of refraction is defined as the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the speed of light in…

A: Given: speed of light in vacuum, c = 3.0 x 108 m/s speed of light in glass, v = 1.50 × 108 m/s

Q: Light of wavelength 5000 Å falls on a plane reflecting surface. What are the wavelength and…

A:

Q: X-rays have a wavelength small enough to image individual atoms, but are challenging to detect…

A:

Q: If we consider a weak gravitational field, we can write a simple expression for gravitational time…

A:

Q: Assume the radiation from a heat lamp is monochromatic, with a wavelength of 1.5 μm . I =3.313…

A: Given Data: The intensity of the radiation  I=3.313 kW/m2 =3313 W/m2. Wavelength of radiation λ=1.5…

Q: The brightness of the Sun as observed from the Moon can be used to design a solar panel array at a…

A:

Q: Infrared radiation from young stars can pass through the heavy dust clouds surrounding them,…

A: Speed of light = frequency × wavelength

Q: tists report the discovery of a new star in the Milky Way. Scientists report it is emitting energy…

A: Visible light waves are a form of electromagnetic radio waves such as infrared radiation, X-rays,…

Q: A solar concentrator uses mirrors to increase the intensity of sunlight to heat a transfer fluid and…

A: So we have given the radius of each mirror of the concentrator is 0.33 m.And there are a total of…

Q: Light of wavelength λ = 525 nm in air enters a glass prism. The index of refraction of air is na and…

A:

Q: A beam of light is passed through a first linear polarizing filter. A second polarizing filter is…

A:

Q: When the NASA Rover Spirit successfully landed on Mars in January of 2004, Mars was 170.2 × 106 km…

A: Given:  Distance of Mars from Earth, km After 21 days, km To find:  A) Time for one-way transmission…

Q: 5. Light can be described as an electromagnetic wave. The optical lenses also can be modeled as…

A: light is an electromagnetic wave; dielectric lenses given; t Ei(r, 0, z) = {10, -6,0},

Q: Light has a wavelength of 326.5 nm and a frequency of 5.413 × 1014 Hz when traveling through a…

A: We know, the velocity v, of a wave with wavelength λ, and frequency ν is gigen by,v=νλThe…

Q: Take the ratio of these two areas

A: Given: Radius of Earth = 6300 km Distance from the sun = 1.2 × 108 km.

Q: In order to maximize power, most broadcast antenna have a length that is 1/4 of the wavelength of…

A: The most efficient to the broad cast electromagnetic wave is                                       L…

Q: The cylindrical beam of a 12.8-mW laser is 0.940 cm in diameter. What is the rms value of the…

A:

Q: raveling through an unknown substance. When it strikes a boundary between that substance and the air…

A:

Q: One idea for exploring distant star systems is to use a laser-pushed light sail to propel tiny…

A: To explore this scenario in detail, we'll break it down into the steps outlined in your…

Q: Light with a wavelength of 571 nm is in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. What is…

A: Given  Wavelength ( λ ) = 571 nm  We know  ,  1 nm = 10-9 m  1 m = 100 cm    Wavelength ( λ ) = 571…

Q: A spacecraft is traveling at almost the speed of light towards Alpha Proxima, the closest star…

A: A spacecraft is traveling at almost the speed of light towards Alpha Proxima, the closest star…

Q: The index of refraction for water ice (i.e., frozen H2O) is n = 1.31. What is the velocity of a…

A:

Q: index of refraction in a plastic rod is 2.59. What is the speed of light in this plastic rod (in…

A: Given Speed of light is c=3×108  m/sRefractive index of plastic is n=2.59

Q: 2. A satellite orbiting the Earth is powered by photovoltaic ("solar") panels that convert light…

A: Given that: Pout=3.60 kWPout=0.15 PinSolar power=Ps(Let)Let the temperature of the surface of the…

Q: Scientists are working on a new technique to kill cancer cells by zapping them with ultrahigh-energy…

A:

Q: A ray of light moves from air (n = 1.00) into a piece of glass. In the air the light has a…

A:

Q: Assume that when I was 30 years old, I invented a spaceship capable of traveling at 95% of the speed…

A: The speed of spaceship is  v=0.95chence, β=vc=0.95 The spaceship is approaching the star (the source…

Q: A special black material absorbs all light incident upon it. An intense laser beam shines straight…

A: Given data, Area of the object = 1 m2 Mass of the object = 1 kg Acceleration of the object = 2g = 20…

Q: Two girls with two-way radios are at the intersection of two country roads that meet at a 105° angle…

A: velocity of both the girls = 5 mi/ h Angle between them = 105 degree  Let the resultant velocity is…

Shock Waves

Shock waves are common in continuum mechanics, and their dominance is attributable to the fact that they are stronger (or even less) compressible. Substantial perturbations propagated as sudden dynamic changes of a compressible medium supersonically. Shock waves are all around us in our daily lives. Lightning, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and meteorite impact all produce them in nature. Even the earth, which is protected by its magnetic field, generates a shock wave as in solar wind that travels around 20 Earth radiuses. These shock waves might be either constant, linked to the body, or unsteady, i.e., moving around with time. All of the shocks mentioned above can be damaging, so precautions must be taken to reduce their impact.