States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
![Considering the following table of pK, values.
pKa values of organic and inorganic acids
Acid
pKa
pKa
CH3 CH3
51
7.04
NH3
38
6.36
H₂
35
4.76
CH3 CH₂OH 15.9 C6H5 COOH 4.19
H₂O
15.7 H3O+
-1.74
CH, OH
15.50 H₂SO4
-5.2
CH, NH3 +
-3
10.64 HBr
-8
NH₁+
9.24
Acid
●
H₂S
H₂CO3
CH,COOH
Between the two compounds,
OH or
CH3 CH₂, draw the Lewis structure of the stronger base.
• Draw all atoms, including hydrogen atoms.
Apply formal charges where appropriate.
●
› Assign lone pairs and radical electrons where appropriate.
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