Benford's Law states the probability distribution (below) of the first significant digit in a number. Digit Probability 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0.301 0.176 0.125 0.097 0.079 0.067 0.058 0.051 0.046 The Fibonacci Sequence, found in the number of pedals on a pine cone, the number of seeds on a sun- flower and many other places in nature is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21... The next number in the sequence is found by summing up the previous two numbers. The distribution of the first significant digit of the first 85 numbers in the sequence is below. Does this distribution follow to Benford's Law? [Hint: Goodness of Fit] Digit 1 2 3 Frequency 25 16 11 4 5 7 6 7 8 9 7 5 46 4

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### Understanding Benford's Law and the Fibonacci Sequence

#### Benford's Law
Benford's Law, also known as the first-digit law, states the probability distribution of the first significant digit in a number. The probability distribution is as follows:

| **Digit**      | 1     | 2     | 3     | 4     | 5     | 6     | 7     | 8     | 9     |
| ------------   | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| **Probability**| 0.301 | 0.176 | 0.125 | 0.097 | 0.079 | 0.067 | 0.058 | 0.051 | 0.046 |

#### The Fibonacci Sequence
The Fibonacci Sequence is a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. It starts from 1 and 1, and continues as follows: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ...

#### Analysis of Fibonacci Sequence in Relation to Benford's Law
The distribution of the first significant digit of the first 85 numbers in the Fibonacci sequence is observed below. The table examines whether this distribution follows Benford’s Law [Hint: Goodness of Fit]:

| **Digit**    | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  |
| ------------ | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| **Frequency**| 25 | 16 | 11 | 7  | 7  | 5  | 6  | 4  | 4  |

#### Visual Analysis

The first table provides the theoretical probabilities according to Benford’s Law, where the digit 1 appears as the first digit around 30.1% of the time, the digit 2 around 17.6% of the time, and so on.

The second table shows the actual frequencies of the leading digits in the first 85 numbers of the Fibonacci Sequence. These frequencies can be compared to the expected probabilities from Benford’s Law to determine adherence through methods such as the goodness-of-fit test.

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Transcribed Image Text:Sure! Here is the transcription for an educational website: --- ### Understanding Benford's Law and the Fibonacci Sequence #### Benford's Law Benford's Law, also known as the first-digit law, states the probability distribution of the first significant digit in a number. The probability distribution is as follows: | **Digit** | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | | ------------ | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | | **Probability**| 0.301 | 0.176 | 0.125 | 0.097 | 0.079 | 0.067 | 0.058 | 0.051 | 0.046 | #### The Fibonacci Sequence The Fibonacci Sequence is a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. It starts from 1 and 1, and continues as follows: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ... #### Analysis of Fibonacci Sequence in Relation to Benford's Law The distribution of the first significant digit of the first 85 numbers in the Fibonacci sequence is observed below. The table examines whether this distribution follows Benford’s Law [Hint: Goodness of Fit]: | **Digit** | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | | ------------ | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | **Frequency**| 25 | 16 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | #### Visual Analysis The first table provides the theoretical probabilities according to Benford’s Law, where the digit 1 appears as the first digit around 30.1% of the time, the digit 2 around 17.6% of the time, and so on. The second table shows the actual frequencies of the leading digits in the first 85 numbers of the Fibonacci Sequence. These frequencies can be compared to the expected probabilities from Benford’s Law to determine adherence through methods such as the goodness-of-fit test. ---
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