Below is a phylogenetic tree of gingers (a type of plant) from Borneo. Indicated on the tree are the types of pollinators that pollinate each type of ginger. Spiderhunters are birds. A. Give the scientific names of species in a monophyletic group that likely speciated by sympatric speciation. Why did you pick the clade that you did? B. Based on the tree, can we infer anything about the ancestral pollinator? If so, what was the pollinator and why? If we can't infer anything, why not? C. What flower characteristics might be different between Amomum roseisquamosum and other gingers in the Amomum genus?
Evolution
The history and science of origin and evolution comprise two events, the beginning of life and expansion of life. Our earth originated about 4.5 billion years ago. The term evolution is derived from two Latin words and means the act of unfolding or unrolling. English philosopher Herbert Spencer first used it. Evolution is defined as the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. These traits are the manifestations of genes that are passed down from parent to offspring during reproduction.
Cladistics
Cladistics is a technique in the classification of organisms, where they are grouped into different clades. The proof for the relationships that are hypothesized is based on the shared derived characteristics known as synapomorphies. These characteristics do not exist in many of the distant ancestors and groups. The common ancestor along with its descendants is considered to be a part of the clade. The rate of closeness is directly proportional to the cladistic grouping and is useful in analyzing the evolutionary mechanism.
Outgroups
Outgroups are significant in studying cladistics or phylogenetics (that describe the evolutionary relationship between different organisms). Further, it is also important to understand the differences and similarities between different organisms.
Taxonomy
It is the branch of biology that works with the identification of organisms at first, then naming, and classification of them into phenetic or phylogenetic groups (a classification system). In other words, it is the scientific study of biological diversity and a part of systematic biology.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetics is the scientific study of how various groups of organisms are related at the evolutionary level. It finds the relationship between various organisms based on their evolutionary similarities and differences. It is a part of the taxonomy. Although the taxonomic study is not only concerned about phylogeny but taxonomic studies are also concerned about the classification and nomenclature of the different individuals from different taxon.
I need help with this question please.
![Maximum-likelihood tree
Combined 1997 bp of ITS and matk genes
GTR+G+l model
-InL=8975.8125
Most important pollinator
Halictid bee
Amegilla bee
Spiderhunter
100/100/100
57/77/92
100/100/100
91/96/100
99/100/100
538359
100/100/100
72/64/92
95/83/100
96/99/100
81/80/98
+4
74/93/81
100/100/100
-56/99
60 86.00
51/78/
85/91/100
100/100/100
98/87/100
100/100/100
100/100/100
100/100/100
100/100/100
100/100/100
100/100/100 +-197
-53
62/72/75
66/89/56
4
75/81/84 Etlingera baramensis
Etlingera elatior
-Etlingera velutina
Hornstedtia minor
Hornstedtia leonurus
Etlingera punicea
Etlingera inundata
-Hornstedtia reticulata
Amomum angstipetalum
Amomum gyrolophos
Amomum oliganthum
Amomum roseisquamosum
Costus globosus
Costus speciosus
Costus paradoxus
Amomum calyptratum
Amomum somniculasum
Amomum durum
Amomum coriaceum
Alpinia glabra
100/100/100L Alpinia aff. glabra
Elettaria longituba
Elettaria longipilosa
Amomum dimorphum
Alpinia ligulata
Plagiostachys crocydocalyx
Plagiostachys grandulosum
Plagiostachys strobilifera
Elettariopsis aff.kerbyi
Boesenbergia lambirensis
Boesenbergia parva
Boesenbergia hirta
Boesenbergia flabellata
Zingiber longipedunculatum
Burbidgea pauciflora
Globba brachyanthera
Tamijia flagellaris
Donax sp.
Marantaceae sp.
Orchidantha inouei
0.01 substitutions/site
Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships among ginger species inferred from combined data for matK and ITS sequences. A maximum-likelihood (ML) tree
is shown with parsimony bootstrap values and likelihood bootstrap values, followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities above the branches. Colors of
squares to the right of species names indicate the dominant pollinator among the three.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fbd446b52-8c58-4d2e-95c3-f01363988023%2F7910c6c1-28b1-412e-a4f1-1f061489f4c7%2Fihv7z26_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
![Below is a phylogenetic tree of gingers (a type of plant) from Borneo. Indicated on the tree are the types of pollinators that pollinate each type of
ginger. Spiderhunters are birds.
A. Give the scientific names of species in a monophyletic group that likely speciated by sympatric speciation. Why did you pick the clade that you did?
B. Based on the tree, can we infer anything about the ancestral pollinator? If so, what was the pollinator and why? If we can't infer anything, why not?
C. What flower characteristics might be different between Amomum roseisquamosum and other gingers in the Amomum genus?](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fbd446b52-8c58-4d2e-95c3-f01363988023%2F7910c6c1-28b1-412e-a4f1-1f061489f4c7%2Ffi3uwbp_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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