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Based on the Table 5 and 6 How old is earth and how long did the eon (so far) last ? How many years ago did most recent epoch begin and how many mass extinction events has the earth witnessed so far? And lastly how many years ago did the dinosaurs become extinct?

Based on the Table 5 and 6 How old is earth and how long did the eon (so far) last ? How many years ago did most recent epoch begin and how many mass extinction events has the earth witnessed so far? And lastly how many years ago did the dinosaurs become extinct?

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN:9780134746241
Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1LR
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Based on the Table 5 and 6

How old is earth and how long did the eon (so far) last ?

How many years ago did most recent epoch begin and how many mass extinction events has the earth witnessed so far?

And lastly how many years ago did the dinosaurs become extinct?

enumerates significant geological and biological events which are associated with each time unit. Take note that in this table, the eons, periods, and epochs are numbered based on their superscripts in Table 5 (i.e., the Hadean eon is listed first because its superseript in the preceding table is 1, while Holocene is 20th on the list because its superscript is 20). reptiles increase; first appearance of cotylosaurs (earliest truly terrestrial vertebrates), pelycosaurs (mammal-like reptiles), and conifers (pine trees); disappearance of trilobites and other invertebrates; mass extinction event between the Permian and Triassic periods Beginning of the Age of Reptiles; therapsids (reptilian ancestors of mammals) and thecodonts (reptilian ancestors of birds) appear; first appearance of dinosaurs and mammals; abundant forests of gymnosperms (plants with naked seeds like conifers and cycads); mass extinction event between the Triassic and Jurassic periods Birds and angiosperms (flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruits) first appear; abundant cycads and ferns; giant reptiles dominate on land and in water; insects increase in numbers and variety; abundant ammonites (a group of marine mollusks related to the present-day Nautilus species) Present-day continents form; spread of insects and primitive mammals; birds increase in numbers; gymnosperms decrease in numbers, while angiosperms increase in numbers and variety; extinction of ammonites; widespread dinosaurs until their extinction at the end of the period (end of the Age of Reptiles); mass extinction event between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods Beginning of the Age of Mammals; mammals, birds, and pollinating insects increase in variety; first primates appear Mammals and angiosperms continue to increase in variety; first whales Table 5: The Geologic Time Scale Era Eon Period Epoch Holoceneao Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene7 Oligocene Eocenes Paleocene Start (MYA) 11. Triassic period 0.01 1.8 Quaternary Neogene (Tertiary) 5-3 23.8 33-7 54-8 65 144 206 Cenozoic Paleogene (Tertiary) Cretaceous Jurassica Triassic Permiano Carboniferous: Pennsylvanian 12. Jurassic period Phanerozoic Mesozoic 248 290 354 Mississippian Paleozoic Devonian7 Silurian Ordovicians Cambrian+ 417 443 490 543 2 500 3 800 4 600 13. Cretaceous period Proterozoica Archaean Hadean Precambrian Supereon Table 6: Important Events in the Geologic Time Scale (Modified from Hoefnagels, 2016) Time Unit Important Events Earth forms (no rock record on Earth) Life starts with the appearance of first prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) Oa produced by photosynthetic organisms accumulates in the atmosphere; first eukaryotes and first multicellular organisms appear; appearance of Ediacaran biota: soft-bodied, aerobic metazoans (animal-like organisms, made up of more than one type of cell) Cambrian explosion: appearance of many new groups of animals (like . sponges, worms, jellyfish, and trilobites - marine arthropods with three body lobes) in the ocean; appearance of abundant marine algae and of the ancestors of all present-day animals Marine life-forms (like algae and invertebrates) increase; appearance of first vertebrates (jawless fish) and first terrestrial plants; mass extinction event between the Ordovician and Silurian periods First appearance of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem), terrestrial invertebrates, and fish with jaws Age of Fishes: first appearance and spread of bony fish and sharks; corals, crinoids ( a type of echinoderm), amphibians, and seed plants first appear; arthropods increase in variety; mass extinction event between the Devonian and Carboniferous periods Abundant sharks and echinoderms; spread of insects and amphibians; appearance of first winged insects 1. Hadean eon 2. Archaean eon 3. Proterozoic eon 14. Paleocene epoch 15. Eocene epoch 4. Cambrian period appear First appearance of elephants, horses, and grasses Great apes first appear; other mammals continue to increase in variety; appearance of modern birds; grasslands expand Early humans first appear; appearance of modern whales Ice Ages; Homo sapiens and large mammals (mastodons and mammoths) first appear; trees decrease in numbers, while herbs increase; migration of animals; extinction of many mammals Human civilization 16. Oligocene epoch 17. Miocene epoch 5. Ordovician period 18. Pliocene epoch 19. Pleistocene epoch 6. Silurian period 7. Devonian period 8. Mississippian subperiod 9. Pennsylvanian subperiod Age of Amphibians: amphibians increase in numbers and variety; 20. Holocene epoch atinad that although life on Earth began insects increase in size; abundant coal swamp forests (dominated by giant ferns and fern allies); appearance of first reptiles Pangaea supercontinent forms; amphibians decrease in number, while on 10. Permian period
Transcribed Image Text:enumerates significant geological and biological events which are associated with each time unit. Take note that in this table, the eons, periods, and epochs are numbered based on their superscripts in Table 5 (i.e., the Hadean eon is listed first because its superseript in the preceding table is 1, while Holocene is 20th on the list because its superscript is 20). reptiles increase; first appearance of cotylosaurs (earliest truly terrestrial vertebrates), pelycosaurs (mammal-like reptiles), and conifers (pine trees); disappearance of trilobites and other invertebrates; mass extinction event between the Permian and Triassic periods Beginning of the Age of Reptiles; therapsids (reptilian ancestors of mammals) and thecodonts (reptilian ancestors of birds) appear; first appearance of dinosaurs and mammals; abundant forests of gymnosperms (plants with naked seeds like conifers and cycads); mass extinction event between the Triassic and Jurassic periods Birds and angiosperms (flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruits) first appear; abundant cycads and ferns; giant reptiles dominate on land and in water; insects increase in numbers and variety; abundant ammonites (a group of marine mollusks related to the present-day Nautilus species) Present-day continents form; spread of insects and primitive mammals; birds increase in numbers; gymnosperms decrease in numbers, while angiosperms increase in numbers and variety; extinction of ammonites; widespread dinosaurs until their extinction at the end of the period (end of the Age of Reptiles); mass extinction event between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods Beginning of the Age of Mammals; mammals, birds, and pollinating insects increase in variety; first primates appear Mammals and angiosperms continue to increase in variety; first whales Table 5: The Geologic Time Scale Era Eon Period Epoch Holoceneao Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene7 Oligocene Eocenes Paleocene Start (MYA) 11. Triassic period 0.01 1.8 Quaternary Neogene (Tertiary) 5-3 23.8 33-7 54-8 65 144 206 Cenozoic Paleogene (Tertiary) Cretaceous Jurassica Triassic Permiano Carboniferous: Pennsylvanian 12. Jurassic period Phanerozoic Mesozoic 248 290 354 Mississippian Paleozoic Devonian7 Silurian Ordovicians Cambrian+ 417 443 490 543 2 500 3 800 4 600 13. Cretaceous period Proterozoica Archaean Hadean Precambrian Supereon Table 6: Important Events in the Geologic Time Scale (Modified from Hoefnagels, 2016) Time Unit Important Events Earth forms (no rock record on Earth) Life starts with the appearance of first prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) Oa produced by photosynthetic organisms accumulates in the atmosphere; first eukaryotes and first multicellular organisms appear; appearance of Ediacaran biota: soft-bodied, aerobic metazoans (animal-like organisms, made up of more than one type of cell) Cambrian explosion: appearance of many new groups of animals (like . sponges, worms, jellyfish, and trilobites - marine arthropods with three body lobes) in the ocean; appearance of abundant marine algae and of the ancestors of all present-day animals Marine life-forms (like algae and invertebrates) increase; appearance of first vertebrates (jawless fish) and first terrestrial plants; mass extinction event between the Ordovician and Silurian periods First appearance of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem), terrestrial invertebrates, and fish with jaws Age of Fishes: first appearance and spread of bony fish and sharks; corals, crinoids ( a type of echinoderm), amphibians, and seed plants first appear; arthropods increase in variety; mass extinction event between the Devonian and Carboniferous periods Abundant sharks and echinoderms; spread of insects and amphibians; appearance of first winged insects 1. Hadean eon 2. Archaean eon 3. Proterozoic eon 14. Paleocene epoch 15. Eocene epoch 4. Cambrian period appear First appearance of elephants, horses, and grasses Great apes first appear; other mammals continue to increase in variety; appearance of modern birds; grasslands expand Early humans first appear; appearance of modern whales Ice Ages; Homo sapiens and large mammals (mastodons and mammoths) first appear; trees decrease in numbers, while herbs increase; migration of animals; extinction of many mammals Human civilization 16. Oligocene epoch 17. Miocene epoch 5. Ordovician period 18. Pliocene epoch 19. Pleistocene epoch 6. Silurian period 7. Devonian period 8. Mississippian subperiod 9. Pennsylvanian subperiod Age of Amphibians: amphibians increase in numbers and variety; 20. Holocene epoch atinad that although life on Earth began insects increase in size; abundant coal swamp forests (dominated by giant ferns and fern allies); appearance of first reptiles Pangaea supercontinent forms; amphibians decrease in number, while on 10. Permian period
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