Based on the definition of "development" , determine if your pipeline project is a development that requires a full environmental assessment. Explain. How Williams Builds Pipelines2. Clearing and gradingThe pipeline right of way is deared of vegeta-tion. Temporary erosion control measures areinstaled prior to any earth-moving activitios.1. Pre-construc tion surveyBefore construcion begins, Williams surveys environmental featuresalong proposed pipeline segments. Utity lines and agricultural drainagesare located and marked to prevent accidental damage during pipelineconstruction. The pipeline's centerine and the exterior right of way andworkspace is staked.3. TrenchingTopsoil is removed from the work area and stockpiledin agricultural areas. Wiliams then uses backhoesand trenching machines to excavate the trench. Thesoil that is excavated during dtching operations istemporarily stockpiled on the right of way.4. Pipo stringing and bendingIndividual joints of pipe are strung along the right of way adjacent to theexcavated ditch and arranged so they are accessible to constructionpersonnel. A mechanical pipo-bending machine bends individual jointsof pipe to the desired angle at locations where there are significantchanges in the natural ground contours or where the pipeline routechanges direction.5. Welding, pi pe coating and x-ray inspectionAfter the stringing and bending are complete, the pipe sections arealigned, welded together, and placed on temporary supports along theodge of the tronch. All wolds are then x-rayed. Line pipe roquiros acoeting at the welded joints. The entire pipe coating is then clectronicallyInspected.6. Lowering pipe in and backfillingThe pipe assembly is lowered into the trenchby sideboom tractors. The trench is backfilled.No foroign matorials are alowed in the trench.7. TestingAfter backfilling, the pipe is filled with water andpressure tested. Tested water is obtained anddisposed of in accordance with applicable regulations.8. RestorationWiliams' policy is to dean up and restore the work area as soon aspossible. Disturbed areas are restored, as nearly as possible, to theiroriginal contours. Temporary environmental control measures aremaintained until the are a is rostored, as closely as possible, to itsoriginal condition.50 2010 The Wiliama Camparion, Ine. Construction ProcessProject componentsDuring construction, the right-of-way and temporary workspace will be 32 m on either side of thepipeline. Areas that require additional equipment such as road or river crossings will have a 75 m right-of-way. This right-of-way and temporary workspace are cleared of vegetation and topsoil (Figure 3).They allow construction equipment to drive along, prepare the area and install the pipe, then cover itback up and replace topsoil. Temporary workspace can also be used to store equipment and materialsthat are waiting to be used or installed.This pipeline project is a 344 km long and 1,219 mm diameter pipe designed to carry natural gas. Thepipe will sit in a trench approximately 1 m below the surface. The project includes the pipeline, tensurface block valves, the cleared area around the pipeline trench (called the right-of-way), additionaltemporary work space, three compressor stations, and temporary access roads (Figure 1).To pressurize the gas and allow it to flow through the pipeline, the project will also include threeHow Williams Builds Pipelinescompressor stations. Each compressor station will be a cleared fenced area 220 m x 315 m. The gascompressor itself will be in a steel frame building designed to minimize noise. Additional buildings andstructures will include electrical/control facilities, an air-cooling system, a glycol heating þystem, anoffice/personnel area, a backup power generating unit, and an equipment storage area.Additional facilities required during pipeline construction include access roads, construction camps toaccommodate workers (Figure 2), pits to get material such as gravel for roads, and areas for trailers toserve as construction offices. The camp will be trailers with 360 rooms, a dining hall and laundry,drinking water and sewage tanks, power generation and heating/cooling systems..CeingLPresente2. Tre4P ng ng1. TegThe eFigure 1. Main pipeline project components: a) pipeline in the trench during construction b) a surface block valve station and c) acompressor station (Fractracker Alliance 2019; Fitlike 2007; Buckingham 2019).Figure 3. Pipeline construction sequence (Williams 2020)Within the trench for the pipe, soil will be removed in layers. Topsoil will be stored in temporaryworkspace in a separate pile from the subsoil. After the pipe is installed, the subsoil will be replaced inthe trench, then the topsoil, then some cover to prevent erosion while vegetation is re-established.When the pipe crosses existing infrastructure (e.g. roads or other pipelines), a tunnel will be drilledunder the infrastructure to install the pipe. When watercourses or water bodies are crossed, the pipecan be drilled under or water can be temporarily diverted, and a construction trench can be dug acrossthe bed of the watercourse/water body.Compressor stations, camps, construction offices will also be in cleared, fenced areas. First vegetationand topsoil will be cleared, and topsoil will be stored. The area will also be leveled, and gravel will bebrought in to cover the surface. Gravel pits will also be cleared of vegetation and topsoil beforeexcavating gravel.ngle EarthFigure 2. Example construction camp (Google Earth Pro 2019a).Temporary access roads will be built to access the right-of-way, the compressor stations, camps,construction offices and gravel pits. Road areas will be cleared of vegetation and topsoil, and coveredwith gravel, as required.OperationsAfter construction, while the pipeline is operating, an area 18 m on either side of the buried pipe iscovered by only soil, grasses and some shrubs. The remaining right-of-way, temporary workspace, campareas, office areas and gravel pit areas are re-vegetated and restored. Compressor station and valvesites remain cleared during operation.The compressor stations will run constantly, and people will work at the facility. They will also monitorthe pipeline sensors and controls. Workers will also check the valve sites, perform maintenance, andconduct aerial flyovers to check for visual signs of leaks (vegetation discolouration).ReclamationAt the end of the project life, the pipeline will be decommissioned, and the entire project area will becleaned up and restored as close as possible to natural conditions.

The development of infrastructure is important because it gives access to economic freedom in a…

Answered: Based on the definition of…

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337630931

Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Chapter2: Loads On Structures

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P