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Based on the basic properties of seismic waves summarized above, answer the following questions related to Figure 6.9 in Lab Exercise 6. 7. Based on seismology, why do scientists believe that the density of the Earth's mantle (the layer shown as red in Figure 6.9) increases as depth increases? Explain your answer (15) points). 8. Based on the changes of velocities for both P and S waves shown on Figure 6.9, how did geologists discover the existence of an asthenosphere, which is overall in plastic state (not total solid), underneath the lithosphere? Explain your answer (15 points). 9. Based on the changes of S wave velocity through the Earth's interior shown on Figure 6.9, how do scientists know that the Earth's outer core may be composed of liquid whereas the asthenosphere might not be liquid completely? Explain your answer (15 points). 10. Seismic wave velocities change abruptly (not smoothly) when the waves travel through two types of rocks with significantly different densities. As shown by both P and S wave velocity curves on Figure 6.9, the changes of seismic wave velocities through the upper mantle (deep red zone) are not smooth (kinked curves) before they enter the lower mantle (red color zone). What do the smooth and non-smooth changes of P and S wave velocities tell us the difference between the Earth's upper and lower mantle in density

Based on the basic properties of seismic waves summarized above, answer the following questions related to Figure 6.9 in Lab Exercise 6. 7. Based on seismology, why do scientists believe that the density of the Earth's mantle (the layer shown as red in Figure 6.9) increases as depth increases? Explain your answer (15) points). 8. Based on the changes of velocities for both P and S waves shown on Figure 6.9, how did geologists discover the existence of an asthenosphere, which is overall in plastic state (not total solid), underneath the lithosphere? Explain your answer (15 points). 9. Based on the changes of S wave velocity through the Earth's interior shown on Figure 6.9, how do scientists know that the Earth's outer core may be composed of liquid whereas the asthenosphere might not be liquid completely? Explain your answer (15 points). 10. Seismic wave velocities change abruptly (not smoothly) when the waves travel through two types of rocks with significantly different densities. As shown by both P and S wave velocity curves on Figure 6.9, the changes of seismic wave velocities through the upper mantle (deep red zone) are not smooth (kinked curves) before they enter the lower mantle (red color zone). What do the smooth and non-smooth changes of P and S wave velocities tell us the difference between the Earth's upper and lower mantle in density

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN:9780134746241
Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals
Section: Chapter Questions
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Please Read the following paragraph carefully before you proceed to Questions 7-10 below. Based on scientific experiment data, seismic waves travel faster through denser materials. Rocks rich in silicon (felsic rocks) that make up the Earth's crust are less dense than the Earth's mantle that is rich in iron and magnesium (mafic or basaltic). The density of rocks increases as their iron and magnesium content increases. P and S waves also travel faster through rocks with higher elasticity. Solid rocks tend to have higher elasticity than liquid. P-waves can travel through solid, liquid and gas whereas S waves only travel through solid rocks. Based on the basic properties of seismic waves summarized above, answer the following questions related to Figure 6.9 in Lab Exercise 6. 7. Based on seismology, why do scientists believe that the density of the Earth's mantle (the layer shown as red in Figure 6.9) increases as depth increases? Explain your answer (15 points). 8. Based on the changes of velocities for both P and S waves shown on Figure 6.9, how did geologists discover the existence of an asthenosphere, which is overall in plastic state (not total solid), underneath the lithosphere? Explain your answer (15 points). 9. Based on the changes of S wave velocity through the Earth's interior shown on Figure 6.9, how do scientists know that the Earth's outer core may be composed of liquid whereas the asthenosphere might not be liquid completely? Explain your answer (15 points). 10. Seismic wave velocities change abruptly (not smoothly) when the waves travel through two types of rocks with significantly different densities. As shown by both P and S wave velocity curves on Figure 6.9, the changes of seismic wave velocities through the upper mantle (deep red zone) are not smooth (kinked curves) before they enter the lower mantle (red color zone). What do the smooth and non-smooth changes of P and S wave velocities tell us the difference between the Earth's upper and lower mantle in density change? Explain your answer (15 points). Extra Credit Question: What is the most important assumption based on which an earthquake's epicenter is identified? You need to explain why it is an assumption and why this assumption is necessary in locating earthquakes' epicenters (15 points). | Lithosphere Asthenosphere Lower mantle Outer core Inner core S waves S waves 4 6 8 Velocity (km/sec) 10 P waves 12 SmartFigure 6.9 Illustration showing how and S wave velocities vary with depth. Although S waves cannot penetrate the outer core, they can stilrappear in the inner core. When P waves strike the bound- ary between the inner core and outer core some of that energy is converted into S waves which then travel though the solid inner core. 14 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 -5000 -6000 Depth (km)
Transcribed Image Text:Please Read the following paragraph carefully before you proceed to Questions 7-10 below. Based on scientific experiment data, seismic waves travel faster through denser materials. Rocks rich in silicon (felsic rocks) that make up the Earth's crust are less dense than the Earth's mantle that is rich in iron and magnesium (mafic or basaltic). The density of rocks increases as their iron and magnesium content increases. P and S waves also travel faster through rocks with higher elasticity. Solid rocks tend to have higher elasticity than liquid. P-waves can travel through solid, liquid and gas whereas S waves only travel through solid rocks. Based on the basic properties of seismic waves summarized above, answer the following questions related to Figure 6.9 in Lab Exercise 6. 7. Based on seismology, why do scientists believe that the density of the Earth's mantle (the layer shown as red in Figure 6.9) increases as depth increases? Explain your answer (15 points). 8. Based on the changes of velocities for both P and S waves shown on Figure 6.9, how did geologists discover the existence of an asthenosphere, which is overall in plastic state (not total solid), underneath the lithosphere? Explain your answer (15 points). 9. Based on the changes of S wave velocity through the Earth's interior shown on Figure 6.9, how do scientists know that the Earth's outer core may be composed of liquid whereas the asthenosphere might not be liquid completely? Explain your answer (15 points). 10. Seismic wave velocities change abruptly (not smoothly) when the waves travel through two types of rocks with significantly different densities. As shown by both P and S wave velocity curves on Figure 6.9, the changes of seismic wave velocities through the upper mantle (deep red zone) are not smooth (kinked curves) before they enter the lower mantle (red color zone). What do the smooth and non-smooth changes of P and S wave velocities tell us the difference between the Earth's upper and lower mantle in density change? Explain your answer (15 points). Extra Credit Question: What is the most important assumption based on which an earthquake's epicenter is identified? You need to explain why it is an assumption and why this assumption is necessary in locating earthquakes' epicenters (15 points). | Lithosphere Asthenosphere Lower mantle Outer core Inner core S waves S waves 4 6 8 Velocity (km/sec) 10 P waves 12 SmartFigure 6.9 Illustration showing how and S wave velocities vary with depth. Although S waves cannot penetrate the outer core, they can stilrappear in the inner core. When P waves strike the bound- ary between the inner core and outer core some of that energy is converted into S waves which then travel though the solid inner core. 14 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 -5000 -6000 Depth (km)
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