(b) The following consecutive readings were taken with a dumpy level along a chain line at a common interval of 15m. The first reading was at a chainage of 165m where the reduced level is 98.085. The instrument was shifted after the fourth and ninth readings. 3.150, 2.245, 1.125, 0.860, 3.125, 2.760, 1.835, 1.470, 1.965, 1.225, 2.390, and 3.035 m. Find the reduced level of all the points by rise and fall system.

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Errors in surveying

An error in surveying is defined as the difference between two or more values of an identical quantity. However, the estimates are never accurate and there will always be a degree of variability regardless of the research tool or method used. These differences are known as errors that need to be reduced or eliminated to maintain certain levels of accuracy. Even if you carefully follow the prescribed test procedures, the considerations may contain errors.