B Colourless orange pink purple green Genes A, B, C, D, and E are independently assorting. The dominant alleles A, B, C and D encode enzymes that catalyse the corresponding reactions indicated above. The recessive alleles a, b, c and d are non-functional and do not produce active enzymes. The dominant E allele totally inhibits the action of gene D, while the recessive allele e has no effect. a) Determine the F1 and F2 phenotypes from a cross between AABBCCDDEE and AABBCCDDee plants. (22) b) What proportion of the offspring of an AaBBCCDdEe x aaBBCcDdEe cross is expected to have coloured flowers? (2)

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Animal Phylogeny

Cladistics is a method of biological classification where organisms are classified based on their ancestors and their relationship with them. It is defined as the concepts and methods for determining the branching patterns of evolution and evolutionary history. Some scientists, however, have preferred the term phylogenetic systematics or phylogenetic taxonomy to emphasize the reliance on a phylogeny for classification. It is the most common and accepted method for classifying organisms.