Introduction to Organic Chemistry
The field of chemistry which deals with the studies of reactions, structures, and properties of organic compounds that comprise carbon bonded through covalent bonding is organic chemistry. The studies regarding the structure of organic compounds could be determined with the help of structural formulas. In order to know about the behavior of organic compounds, a study on the properties has to be done. Both physical properties and chemical properties, the origin of chemical reactivity come under the study regarding the properties of organic compounds. The chemical preparation of polymers, drugs, natural products, and the study of separate organic molecules in the lab come under the study of organic reactions.
Vinyl Group
Vinyl group is the name given to the functional group of -CH=CH2. It can be seen as an ethene molecule with one less hydrogen in number. Hence it is also called as ethenyl group at times.
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons
The requirement to identify each compound needs a richer number of words than informative prefixes like n and iso. The identification of organic molecules is made easier by the use of systematic nomenclature schemes. The organic chemistry nomenclature has two types: traditional and systematic. Common names arise in many forms, but share the characteristic that a link through name and form is unnecessary. The name that matches a certain structure clearly must be remembered as knowing a person's name. In contrast, systemic names, including an overall common set of laws, are locked specifically to the chemical structure.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Following are few examples of alkenes with their general molecular as well as their structural formulas:
Conjugated Compounds in Organic Chemistry
The delocalization of electrons in a molecule is called conjugation in organic chemistry. This delocalisation process of electrons leads to the shortenings or elongations of chemical bonds, but at the same time it causes changes in the chemical properties in conjugated molecules as compared to the non-conjugated ones. For example, conjugated molecules absorb light at longer wavelengths.
Alpha Carbon And Alpha Protons
The carbon directly attached to the functional group in an organic molecule is referred to as the alpha carbon and the hydrogen attached to an alpha carbon are termed as the alpha hydrogens or alpha protons. These alpha carbon atoms and alpha hydrogen atoms are of importance because they undergo certain characteristic reactions in organic chemistry.
Fill in the appropriate reagents to best accomplish the reaction shown OR fill in the missing products. Identify the major and minor products if applicable.
![**Organic Reaction Mechanisms Overview**
Below is an extensive overview of various organic reactions, each involving specific reactants and reagents leading to distinct products. For educational purposes, we delve into the details of each reaction, providing insights into the chemical processes at play.
**a) Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes**
Reactant:
\[ \text{CH}_3 - C \equiv C- \text{CH}_2 - \text{H} \]
Reagent:
\[ \text{KMnO}_4, \text{H}_2\text{O}^- \]
Product:
\[ \text{CH}_3 - \text{COOH} + \text{CO}_2 \]
Explanation:
This reaction involves the oxidative cleavage of an alkyne. Potassium permanganate (\(\text{KMnO}_4\)) in a basic medium (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}^-\)) leads to the breakdown of the triple bond and formation of carboxylic acids or carbon dioxide, depending on the substitution pattern of the alkyne.
**b) Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkene**
\[ \text{CH}_2 = \text{CH} - \text{CH} = \text{CH}_2 \]
Reagent: Unknown (\( ? \))
Product:
\[ \text{CH}_3 - \text{CH}_2 - \text{CH} - \text{CH}_3 \]
Explanation:
This reaction follows a hydroboration-oxidation mechanism where an alkene undergoes reaction with an unknown reagent, eventually leading to the formation of an alkane.
**c) Metal-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Alkyne**
Reactant:
\[ \text{c-hexene} - \text{CH} = \text{CH} - \text{CH} = \text{CH}_2 \]
Reagents:
\[ H_2, \text{Pd/C} \]
Explanation:
A cyclohexene derivative undergoes catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of hydrogen gas and palladium on carbon (\(\text{Pd/C}\)), typically resulting in the addition of hydrogen atoms to the double bonds.
**d) Halogenation of Olefin**
Reactant:
\[ \text{c-Pentene} - \text{CH} - \text{CH](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F6b91cb22-49f8-4a45-9278-b631083cf4fb%2F9fcabfae-f693-4cf7-97f9-e69985dcb186%2Fowcbuy7_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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