B- An undisturbed sample of a medium sand weighs 484.68g. The core of the undisturbed sample is 6cm in diameter and 10.6cm in hight. The sample is oven-dried for 24hr at 110°C to remove the water content. At the end of 24hr, the core sample weighs 447.32g. Determine bulk density and porosity of the sample.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.