a)The bore of each cylinder in a six-cylinder car engine is 45 mm and the stroke for each piston is 125 mm. calculate the cubic capacity of the engine in cubic centimetres (cm3 ); and calculate the clearance volume per cylinder for a compression ratio, r, of 8.75. b) The bore of each cylinder in a four-cylinder four-stroke internal combustion engine is 38 mm and the stroke of each piston is 165 mm. During testing, the engine runs at 180 revolutions per minute (rpm) with a pressure-volume indicator diagram showing a mean net area of 3.4 cm2 and a diagram length of 1.2 cm. The pressure scale on the indictor diagram is set to 150 kN/m2 per cm. Calculate the mean effective pressure (m.e.p) and the indicated power developed by this four-cylinder four-stroke engine.

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Forming and Shaping

Metal forming is a category of metalworking process through which the material can be given the desired shape and size by subjecting it to plastic deformation, where the component undergoes bulk deformation process upon application of loads. Unlike the shearing and machining process, the material does not undergo up to a failure point as indicated in the stress-strain curve. Hence, the stresses induced during the forming process are greater than yield strength but less than the failure strength of the material. The process does not lead to the loss of material, so it can be said to be an economical process. During forming, the material is subjected to tensile forces, compressive forces, bending, and shearing loading conditions. The material should possess the property of ductility to undergo the forming process.