At a carnival, you can try to ring a bell by striking a target with a 9.05-kg hammer. In response, a 0.358-kg metal piece is sent upward toward the bell, which is 4.85 m above. Suppose that 28.6 percent of the hammer's kinetic energy is used to do the work of sending the metal piece upward. How fast must the hammer be moving when it strikes the target so that the bell just barely rings?

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Q: At a carnival, you can try to ring a bell by striking a target with a 9.10-kg hammer. In response, a…

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Helmholtz Free Energy

The Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential used to calculate the measure of useful work from a closed system. This system is kept at constant temperature and volume. German physicist Hermann Helmholtz introduced this concept in 1882.