Types of Chemical Bonds
The attractive force which has the ability of holding various constituent elements like atoms, ions, molecules, etc. together in different chemical species is termed as a chemical bond. Chemical compounds are dependent on the strength of chemical bonds between its constituents. Stronger the chemical bond, more will be the stability in the chemical compounds. Hence, it can be said that bonding defines the stability of chemical compounds.
Polarizability In Organic Chemistry
Polarizability refers to the ability of an atom/molecule to distort the electron cloud of neighboring species towards itself and the process of distortion of electron cloud is known as polarization.
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
A coordinate covalent bond is also known as a dative bond, which is a type of covalent bond. It is formed between two atoms, where the two electrons required to form the bond come from the same atom resulting in a semi-polar bond. The study of coordinate covalent bond or dative bond is important to know about the special type of bonding that leads to different properties. Since covalent compounds are non-polar whereas coordinate bonds results always in polar compounds due to charge separation.
![### Understanding Electron Configuration Through the Periodic Table
#### Periodic Table Reference:
To help with the question, use the Periodic Table shown in the image. The elements are color-coded according to their groups:
1. **Group 1A (Alkali Metals)**: Hydrogen (H), Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), Francium (Fr)
2. **Group 2A (Alkaline Earth Metals)**: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra)
3. **Groups 3B to 2B (Transition Metals)**: Includes Scandium (Sc) to Zinc (Zn)
4. **Groups 3A to 8A**: Includes Boron (B) to Radon (Rn)
Diagrams are organized to reflect the sequence of elements based on the atomic number, including the Lanthanides and Actinides labeled underneath the main body of the table.
#### Question:
Assuming that the octet rule is obeyed, write out the electron configuration for the ion formed by the element calcium, Ca.
**Hints for Answer:**
1. **Calcium (Ca) Position**:
- Found in Group 2A.
- Atomic number: 20.
- Electron Configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s².
2. **Formation of Calcium Ion (Ca²⁺)**:
- Calcium loses two electrons to form Ca²⁺ ion.
- New electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ (matches Argon, Ar).
**The electron configuration of Ca²⁺ ion:**
\[ 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 \]
**Ion Type and Noble Gas Configuration:**
- This ion is a \( \text{cation} \) with a charge of \( \text{2+} \) and has the same electron configuration as the noble gas \( \text{Argon (Ar)} \).
These principles of electron arrangement and ion formation can help in understanding the chemical behavior of elements and predict their reactions and bonding](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F9ee6479a-9360-421e-a0d3-69e759864a42%2F3f2a819e-8288-46d8-89dd-3044aafc1107%2Fgjb0kib.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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