Answered: Assume we analyze a problem related to…

Database System Concepts

7th Edition

ISBN:9780078022159

Author:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Publisher:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Chapter1: Introduction

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1PE

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Question

Assume we analyze a problem related to Geometrical Shapes and identify the following conceptual classes: Square, Circle, Cube, and Sphere. We also identify the following polymorphic behaviors: area). circumference(), and volume(). Square, Circle, Cube, and Sphere classes all have area() behavior. Square and Circle classes have circumference() ability. Cube and Sphere classes have volume() ability. Design and code a solution in C++ usingObject Oriented approach. We also provide you with an application code below to guide you.

Note: Volume of a sphere of radius R is 4/3 π R^3.. Surface area of a sphere of radius R is 4πR².

### Artificial Intelligence Engineering Department
#### Bahçeşehir University

**Course Code: AIN-1002**

---

#### Sample Code for Managing Shape Objects in C++

The following sample code demonstrates how to manage and manipulate shape objects in C++. This code is intended to be used as a reference for learning purposes in the AI Engineering Department at Bahçeşehir University.

```cpp
for (int i=0; i<lengthOfShapes; ++i) {
cout << "Area of " << i << "th shape is " << shapes[i]->area() << endl;
}

for (int i=0; i<lengthOfPlanar; ++i) {
delete planar[i];
}
for (int i=0; i<lengthOfVolumetric; ++i) {
delete volumetric[i];
}
delete [] shapes;
return 0;
```

##### Explanation:

1. **Displaying Areas of Shapes**:
The first `for` loop iterates over all the shapes in the `shapes` array and prints out their respective areas using the `area()` method.

```cpp
for (int i=0; i<lengthOfShapes; ++i) {
cout << "Area of " << i << "th shape is " << shapes[i]->area() << endl;
}
```

2. **Deleting Planar Shapes**:
The second `for` loop iterates over all the planar shapes in the `planar` array to delete each object and free up memory.

```cpp
for (int i=0; i<lengthOfPlanar; ++i) {
delete planar[i];
}
```

3. **Deleting Volumetric Shapes**:
The third `for` loop iterates over all the volumetric shapes in the `volumetric` array to delete each object and free up memory.

```cpp
for (int i=0; i<lengthOfVolumetric; ++i) {
delete volumetric[i];
}
```

4. **Cleaning Up Remaining Shapes**:
Finally, the remaining shapes array is deleted to ensure all allocated memory is freed.

```cpp
delete [] shapes;
```

5. **Returning from the Main Function**:
The `return 0;` line indicates that the program has terminated successfully.

```cpp
return 0;
```

This

**Geometrical Shapes Analysis and Computation**

In this module, we will analyze a problem related to Geometrical Shapes and identify the following conceptual classes: Square, Circle, Cube, and Sphere. Additionally, we will identify the following polymorphic behaviors: `area()`, `circumference()`, and `volume()`. The following are the behaviors for each class:
- **Square and Circle:** Both have `area()` and `circumference()` abilities.
- **Cube and Sphere:** Both have `area()` and `volume()` abilities.

A solution in C++ using Object-Oriented Programming is provided below. This code illustrates the implementation of these behaviors.

### C++ Code for Geometrical Shapes

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

class PlanarShape {
public:
virtual double area() const = 0;
virtual double circumference() const = 0;
};

class Circle : public PlanarShape {
double radius;
public:
Circle(double r) : radius(r) {}
double area() const override { return M_PI * radius * radius; }
double circumference() const override { return 2 * M_PI * radius; }
};

class Square : public PlanarShape {
double side;
public:
Square(double s) : side(s) {}
double area() const override { return side * side; }
double circumference() const override { return 4 * side; }
};

class VolumetricShape {
public:
virtual double area() const = 0;
virtual double volume() const = 0;
};

class Sphere : public VolumetricShape {
double radius;
public:
Sphere(double r) : radius(r) {}
double area() const override { return 4 * M_PI * radius * radius; }
double volume() const override { return (4.0 / 3.0) * M_PI * pow(radius, 3); }
};

class Cube : public VolumetricShape {
double side;
public:
Cube(double s) : side(s) {}
double area() const override { return 6 * side * side; }
double volume() const override { return side * side * side; }
};

int main() {
PlanarShape *planar[] = {
new Circle(1), // unit circle at (0,0)
new Square(1), // unit square, top-left corner

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