Assume a 0.35 tax rate. To pay 0.10 to investors, a company must earn what return (before tax) if the security is Debt? Preferred stock? Common stock?

Essentials Of Investments
11th Edition
ISBN:9781260013924
Author:Bodie, Zvi, Kane, Alex, MARCUS, Alan J.
Publisher:Bodie, Zvi, Kane, Alex, MARCUS, Alan J.
Chapter1: Investments: Background And Issues
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chatper 9 #1 Assume a 0.35 tax rate. To pay 0.10 to investors, a company must earn what return (before tax) if the security is

  1. Debt?
  2. Preferred stock?
  3. Common stock?

    What after-tax internal rate of return must an investment earn for a corporation to supply sufficient cash flows to pay a before-tax (personal) 0.10 to

  4. d Debtholders?
  5. Preferred stockholders?
  6. Common stockholders?
The screenshot contains content from an educational textbook section on "The Cost of Capital." It discusses various concepts related to capital structure and taxes. Here's a transcription and explanation of the content.

---

**9. The Cost of Capital**

**Sections:**
- A constant WACC (no taxes)
- A constant value
- Levering a firm
- Taxes
- Implications of the zero corporate tax model
- The value of a levered firm with taxes
- Valuing a firm: capital structure and corporate taxes
- Personal taxes
- Conclusions
- Problems
- Bibliography

**Content:**

The text explores how different capital structures affect the cost of obtaining capital, emphasizing the importance of understanding a firm's capital costs. It highlights the complexities introduced by taxes and the lack of a definitive optimal amount of debt for a company. The discussion points out the importance of considering personal taxes alongside corporate taxes, suggesting that advantages to specific tax group clientele might influence debt decisions.

The idea of using the firm's average cost of capital as a discount rate for evaluating all investments is critiqued, especially when risks differ or the timing of cash flows varies.

**Problems:**

1. Assume a 0.35 tax rate. To pay 0.10 to investors, a company must earn what return (before tax) if the security is:
   - a. Debt?
   - b. Preferred stock?
   - c. Common stock?
   - What after-tax internal rate of return must an investment earn for a corporation to supply sufficient cash flows to pay a before-tax (personal) 0.10 to:
     - d. Debtholders?
     - e. Preferred stockholders?
     - f. Common stockholders?

2. **(Continuation of problem 1)**
   - a. Assuming 0.5 common stock, 0.4 debt, and 0.1 preferred stock, the after-tax WACC of the firm is ______________.
   - b. A zero-tax investor holding the proportion of securities given in (a) would earn ______________.

3. Assume that a firm has earned before-tax income. The corporate tax rate is 35 percent.
   - a. If the security used to finance the investment is $1,000 of 10 percent debt, the firm holding the debt (supplying the debt capital) will earn ______________ after tax.
   - b. If the security used to finance the investment is $1,000
Transcribed Image Text:The screenshot contains content from an educational textbook section on "The Cost of Capital." It discusses various concepts related to capital structure and taxes. Here's a transcription and explanation of the content. --- **9. The Cost of Capital** **Sections:** - A constant WACC (no taxes) - A constant value - Levering a firm - Taxes - Implications of the zero corporate tax model - The value of a levered firm with taxes - Valuing a firm: capital structure and corporate taxes - Personal taxes - Conclusions - Problems - Bibliography **Content:** The text explores how different capital structures affect the cost of obtaining capital, emphasizing the importance of understanding a firm's capital costs. It highlights the complexities introduced by taxes and the lack of a definitive optimal amount of debt for a company. The discussion points out the importance of considering personal taxes alongside corporate taxes, suggesting that advantages to specific tax group clientele might influence debt decisions. The idea of using the firm's average cost of capital as a discount rate for evaluating all investments is critiqued, especially when risks differ or the timing of cash flows varies. **Problems:** 1. Assume a 0.35 tax rate. To pay 0.10 to investors, a company must earn what return (before tax) if the security is: - a. Debt? - b. Preferred stock? - c. Common stock? - What after-tax internal rate of return must an investment earn for a corporation to supply sufficient cash flows to pay a before-tax (personal) 0.10 to: - d. Debtholders? - e. Preferred stockholders? - f. Common stockholders? 2. **(Continuation of problem 1)** - a. Assuming 0.5 common stock, 0.4 debt, and 0.1 preferred stock, the after-tax WACC of the firm is ______________. - b. A zero-tax investor holding the proportion of securities given in (a) would earn ______________. 3. Assume that a firm has earned before-tax income. The corporate tax rate is 35 percent. - a. If the security used to finance the investment is $1,000 of 10 percent debt, the firm holding the debt (supplying the debt capital) will earn ______________ after tax. - b. If the security used to finance the investment is $1,000
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