Classes Of Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry deals mostly with carbon and hydrogens, also called hydrocarbons, but those groups which replace hydrogen and bonds with carbon to give a characteristic nature, unique of their own, to the hydrocarbon they are attached to, are called functional groups. All the compounds belonging to a functional group undergo reactions in a similar pattern and are known to have similar physical and chemical properties.
Characteristics Of Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, we encounter a number of special substituent groups which are attached to the hydrocarbon backbone. These groups impart certain characteristics to the molecule of which it is a part of and thus, become the highlight of that particular molecule.
IUPAC Nomenclature
In Chemistry, IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which suggested a systematic naming approach for the organic and inorganic compounds, as in the beginning stage of nomenclature one single chemical compound was named in many ways by which lead to confusion. The need for this approach aroused as the number of chemical compounds newly discovered were increasing (approximately 32 million compounds) and the basic concept of nomenclature i.e. the trivial nomenclature and the derived system of nomenclature failed to overcome the challenge. It is an important task to name a chemical compound systematically and unambiguously which reduces lots of confusion about the newly reported compounds.
- **Structure:**
- CH₃-CH-CH₂-CH₂-CH-CH-CH₃
- OH | | CH₃
CH₃
#### Compound b:
- **Structure:**
- A benzene ring with the following substituents:
- A hydroxyl group (–OH) attached to one of the carbons.
- A chlorine atom (–Cl) attached to the carbon adjacent to the hydroxyl group.
- A bromine atom (–Br) attached to the carbon directly opposite the hydroxyl group.
#### Compound c:
- **Structure:**
- A central carbon attached to the following:
- A methyl group (–CH₃).
- A separate carbon below which is bonded to two more methyl groups (–CH₃).
- A carboxyl group (–COOH).
### Detailed Graph/Diagram Description:
1. **Graph/Diagram a:**
- The compound is a straight-chain alkane with an alcohol (hydroxyl –OH) group and a methyl (–CH₃) branch.
- The carbon chain shows 7 carbons in total with the hydroxyl group on the second carbon from the left and a methyl group on the fourth carbon.
2. **Graph/Diagram b:**
- The compound represents a benzene ring with three substituents.
- The substituents are a hydroxyl group, a chlorine atom, and a bromine atom positioned around the ring in a specific attachment order.
3. **Graph/Diagram c:**
- The compound is an organic molecule with a carboxyl group attached to the second carbon of the main chain and methyl groups bonded to the second and third carbon atoms.
- The main carbon chain contains three carbons, with branching occurring at the second carbon.
Use these structural diagrams to understand the spatial arrangement of atoms in organic compounds and how to assign IUPAC names based on these structures.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fbe3c579a-b73f-4eee-9ed2-99a207ad990d%2F05ded4ba-6a93-4719-adf7-6940f6601364%2F34esvxc_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
- The displayed chemical structure represents a specific arrangement of atoms and bonds commonly found in organic chemistry. The molecule is composed of a carbon chain with the molecular formula \( \text{C}_\text{4}\text{H}_\text{8}\text{O}_2 \). The structure begins with a terminal methyl group (CH₃) linked to a chain of two methylene groups (CH₂) followed by a carbonyl group (C=O). The carbonyl carbon is bonded to an oxygen atom, creating an ester functional group (R-C(=O)-O-R).
e. 
- This chemical structure also represents an organic molecule with the molecular formula \( \text{C}_\text{6}\text{H}_\text{13}\text{N} \). The molecule features a terminal methyl group (CH₃) attached to a chain of two methylene groups (CH₂). This is followed by a nitrogen atom (NH), indicating the presence of an amine group. The nitrogen is bonded to another chain of two methylene groups, ending with a methyl group (CH₃).
f. 
- This chemical structure depicts an organic molecule with the molecular formula \( \text{C}_\text{8}\text{H}_\text{17}\text{NO} \). The molecule features a terminal methyl group (CH₃) attached to a chain of two methylene groups (CH₂). This is followed by an amine group (NH), linked to another chain of two methylene groups, ending with a carbonyl group (C=O). The carbonyl carbon is bonded to a chain of two methylene groups, ending with a terminal methyl group (CH₃).
(Note: Links or actual images to chemical structures should be included if this were a functional educational website; here, they are represented with placeholders.)](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fbe3c579a-b73f-4eee-9ed2-99a207ad990d%2F05ded4ba-6a93-4719-adf7-6940f6601364%2F4ilx5o_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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