Ants form associations with many types of other insects that feed on the sap of plants. One of these types of insects is an Ecuadorian tree hopper. You think that the association between the ants and treehoppers might be a mutualism. Tree hoppers feed on plants, and the ants feed on the “honeydew” that is excreted as waste by the treehoppers. In return, the ants may protect the treehoppers from predators les and controls should follow from your methods. QUESTIONS 1. Describe a set of methods for a manipulative experiment to test the hypothesis: a. is it a field or lab experiment? b. what are the treatments and how do they differ? c. how many replicates are there of each treatment? d. what are three standardized conditions of your treatments? e.What is the independent variable in your experiment (including any units in metric)?

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Ecological Interactions

The study of the ecological interactions between living beings and their physical environment, including humans, is ecology. It aims to understand the crucial links between plants and animals and the world around them. Ecology also gives knowledge on the advantages of ecosystems and how we may use Earth resources to ensure that future generations have a healthy environment.