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Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN:9780134746241
Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals
Section: Chapter Questions
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**Determining the Earthquake Distance** You can now determine the distance from each seismic recording station to the earthquake's epicenter using the known times of travel of the S and P waves. Examine the graph to the right, a graph of seismic wave travel times. There are three curves on the graph: The upper curve shows S wave travel-time graphed versus distance, the center one shows P wave travel time versus distance, and the lower one shows the variation in distance with the difference of the S and P travel times. It takes an S wave approximately 70 seconds to travel 300 kilometers. For practice, how long does it take the P wave to travel this same distance? For the rest of this exercise, you won't be needing the individual S and P curves, only the S-P curve. To determine the epicentral distance, we need greater resolution on the graph. We will use the graph below, which shows an expanded part of the S-P curve. --- **Graph Explanation** The graph displays travel times (in seconds) on the vertical axis and distances (in kilometers) on the horizontal axis. There are three lines: 1. **S-Wave Curve**: This is the uppermost line, illustrating the travel time of S waves at various distances. 2. **P-Wave Curve**: This is the center line, showing the travel time of P waves at corresponding distances. 3. **S-P Curve**: The bottom curve, indicating the time difference between the arrival of S and P waves over distances. This is essential for calculating the distance to the earthquake epicenter. The graph facilitates understanding of how far seismic waves travel over specific time intervals, crucial for seismic analysis.
Transcribed Image Text:**Determining the Earthquake Distance** You can now determine the distance from each seismic recording station to the earthquake's epicenter using the known times of travel of the S and P waves. Examine the graph to the right, a graph of seismic wave travel times. There are three curves on the graph: The upper curve shows S wave travel-time graphed versus distance, the center one shows P wave travel time versus distance, and the lower one shows the variation in distance with the difference of the S and P travel times. It takes an S wave approximately 70 seconds to travel 300 kilometers. For practice, how long does it take the P wave to travel this same distance? For the rest of this exercise, you won't be needing the individual S and P curves, only the S-P curve. To determine the epicentral distance, we need greater resolution on the graph. We will use the graph below, which shows an expanded part of the S-P curve. --- **Graph Explanation** The graph displays travel times (in seconds) on the vertical axis and distances (in kilometers) on the horizontal axis. There are three lines: 1. **S-Wave Curve**: This is the uppermost line, illustrating the travel time of S waves at various distances. 2. **P-Wave Curve**: This is the center line, showing the travel time of P waves at corresponding distances. 3. **S-P Curve**: The bottom curve, indicating the time difference between the arrival of S and P waves over distances. This is essential for calculating the distance to the earthquake epicenter. The graph facilitates understanding of how far seismic waves travel over specific time intervals, crucial for seismic analysis.
**Determining Distance from S-P** Use the S-P graph to the left and the estimates you made for the S-P time intervals for the three seismograms (shown again for your convenience) to complete the table below. The horizontal grid is in one-second intervals. Then click the Find Epicenter button. **Graph Explanation** - **Axes**: - The x-axis represents Distance in kilometers (ranging from 300 to 750 km). - The y-axis represents Time in seconds (ranging from 30 to 75 seconds). - **Line**: - A straight line labeled "S-P" runs diagonally across the graph, used to estimate distances based on S-P time intervals. **Table** | Station | S-P Interval | Epicentral Distance | |-------------|--------------|---------------------| | Chihuahua | 55 seconds | ___________ KM | | Mazatlan | 25 seconds | ___________ KM | | Rosarito | 45 seconds | ___________ KM | **Button** - A graphical button labeled "Find Epicenter" is presented with an image of a globe and seismograph waves.
Transcribed Image Text:**Determining Distance from S-P** Use the S-P graph to the left and the estimates you made for the S-P time intervals for the three seismograms (shown again for your convenience) to complete the table below. The horizontal grid is in one-second intervals. Then click the Find Epicenter button. **Graph Explanation** - **Axes**: - The x-axis represents Distance in kilometers (ranging from 300 to 750 km). - The y-axis represents Time in seconds (ranging from 30 to 75 seconds). - **Line**: - A straight line labeled "S-P" runs diagonally across the graph, used to estimate distances based on S-P time intervals. **Table** | Station | S-P Interval | Epicentral Distance | |-------------|--------------|---------------------| | Chihuahua | 55 seconds | ___________ KM | | Mazatlan | 25 seconds | ___________ KM | | Rosarito | 45 seconds | ___________ KM | **Button** - A graphical button labeled "Find Epicenter" is presented with an image of a globe and seismograph waves.
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