Answer the ff: a) The ratio of horizontal to the vertical permeability is b) The ratio of vertical to the horizontal permeability is c) The horizontal permeability is d) The vertical permeability is e) Seepage will be greater or equal in the horizontal/vertical/both

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Calculation of Settlement

The vertical displacement of the structural foundation due to the loading from the superstructure is known as settlement. It is due to the reduction of air voids present in the soil. The amount of vertical displacement depends on the bearing capacity of the soil on which the foundation is laid. The effect of the settlement depends on the magnitude of settlement, uniformity, and the structural design of the structure. The maximum allowable settlement for residential and office buildings should be less than 18 mm, for industrial buildings, it is 38 mm and for commercial buildings, it is 25 mm.