ANOVA Table of Effect of Cod Liver Oil Intake During Childhood on BMD SS Between Within 0.036610 df 3 MS 0.012203 10.608432 2,850 0.003722 Test if the mean BMD is different among the four groups at the 5% level of significance. State the null and alternative hypotheses. O Ho: H₁ H₂ H3 = 4 H: One or more pairs of population means differ. O Ho: One or more pairs of population means differ. H₂: H₁ H₂ = μ3μ4 Ho: My

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A study was performed to relate aspects of childhood diet to measurements of bone density in middle-aged (50- to 70-year-old) women. The data in the table below were reported from a Norwegian study relating cod liver oil supplementation to bone mineral density (BMD) in the distal forearm.

**Mean BMD by Cod Liver Oil Intake During Childhood**

| Cod Liver Oil Intake During Childhood | Mean BMD (g/cm²) | sd   | n    |
|---------------------------------------|-----------------|------|------|
| Never                                 | 0.436           | 0.057| 267  |
| Irregularly                           | 0.425           | 0.060| 695  |
| Fall and Winter                       | 0.429           | 0.061| 1,655|
| Whole Year                            | 0.421           | 0.068| 237  |
| **Overall Mean**                      | 0.428           |      | 2,854|

**(a) The table below is the ANOVA table.**

**ANOVA Table of Effect of Cod Liver Oil Intake During Childhood on BMD**

| Source   | SS       | df  | MS     |
|----------|----------|-----|--------|
| Between  | 0.036610 | 3   | 0.012203|
| Within   | 10.608432| 2,850| 0.003722|

Test if the mean BMD is different among the four groups at the 5% level of significance.
Transcribed Image Text:A study was performed to relate aspects of childhood diet to measurements of bone density in middle-aged (50- to 70-year-old) women. The data in the table below were reported from a Norwegian study relating cod liver oil supplementation to bone mineral density (BMD) in the distal forearm. **Mean BMD by Cod Liver Oil Intake During Childhood** | Cod Liver Oil Intake During Childhood | Mean BMD (g/cm²) | sd | n | |---------------------------------------|-----------------|------|------| | Never | 0.436 | 0.057| 267 | | Irregularly | 0.425 | 0.060| 695 | | Fall and Winter | 0.429 | 0.061| 1,655| | Whole Year | 0.421 | 0.068| 237 | | **Overall Mean** | 0.428 | | 2,854| **(a) The table below is the ANOVA table.** **ANOVA Table of Effect of Cod Liver Oil Intake During Childhood on BMD** | Source | SS | df | MS | |----------|----------|-----|--------| | Between | 0.036610 | 3 | 0.012203| | Within | 10.608432| 2,850| 0.003722| Test if the mean BMD is different among the four groups at the 5% level of significance.
**ANOVA Table of Effect of Cod Liver Oil Intake During Childhood on BMD**

| Source   | SS      | df   | MS       |
|----------|---------|------|----------|
| Between  | 0.036610| 3    | 0.012203 |
| Within   | 10.608432 | 2,850| 0.003722 |

Test if the mean BMD is different among the four groups at the 5% level of significance.

**State the null and alternative hypotheses.**

- \( H_0 \): \(\mu_1 = \mu_2 = \mu_3 = \mu_4\)
  - \( H_a \): One or more pairs of population means differ.

- \( H_0 \): One or more pairs of population means differ.
  - \( H_a \): \(\mu_1 < \mu_2 < \mu_3 = \mu_4\)

- \( H_0 \): \(\mu_1 = \mu_2 = \mu_3 = \mu_4\)
  - \( H_a \): \(\mu_1 \neq \mu_2 = \mu_3 = \mu_4\)

- \( H_0 \): \(\mu_1 = \mu_2 = \mu_3 = \mu_4\)
  - \( H_a \): \(\mu_1 < \mu_2 < \mu_3 < \mu_4\)

- \( H_0 \): \(\mu_1 = \mu_2 = \mu_3 = \mu_4\)
  - \( H_a \): None of the population means are the same.

**Find the test statistic.** (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

**Find the p-value.** (Round your answer to four decimal places.)

**State your conclusion.**

- Reject \( H_0 \). There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean BMD is significantly different among the four groups.
- Fail to reject \( H_0 \). There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean BMD is significantly different among the four groups.
- Fail to reject \( H_0 \). There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the mean BMD is significantly different among the four groups.
- Reject \( H_0 \). There is insufficient evidence to conclude that
Transcribed Image Text:**ANOVA Table of Effect of Cod Liver Oil Intake During Childhood on BMD** | Source | SS | df | MS | |----------|---------|------|----------| | Between | 0.036610| 3 | 0.012203 | | Within | 10.608432 | 2,850| 0.003722 | Test if the mean BMD is different among the four groups at the 5% level of significance. **State the null and alternative hypotheses.** - \( H_0 \): \(\mu_1 = \mu_2 = \mu_3 = \mu_4\) - \( H_a \): One or more pairs of population means differ. - \( H_0 \): One or more pairs of population means differ. - \( H_a \): \(\mu_1 < \mu_2 < \mu_3 = \mu_4\) - \( H_0 \): \(\mu_1 = \mu_2 = \mu_3 = \mu_4\) - \( H_a \): \(\mu_1 \neq \mu_2 = \mu_3 = \mu_4\) - \( H_0 \): \(\mu_1 = \mu_2 = \mu_3 = \mu_4\) - \( H_a \): \(\mu_1 < \mu_2 < \mu_3 < \mu_4\) - \( H_0 \): \(\mu_1 = \mu_2 = \mu_3 = \mu_4\) - \( H_a \): None of the population means are the same. **Find the test statistic.** (Round your answer to two decimal places.) **Find the p-value.** (Round your answer to four decimal places.) **State your conclusion.** - Reject \( H_0 \). There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean BMD is significantly different among the four groups. - Fail to reject \( H_0 \). There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean BMD is significantly different among the four groups. - Fail to reject \( H_0 \). There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the mean BMD is significantly different among the four groups. - Reject \( H_0 \). There is insufficient evidence to conclude that
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