Annual flood data of a river covering a long period yielded for the annual flood discharges a mean of 29,600 m/s and a standard deviation of 14,860 m/s. For a proposed bridge on this river near this site it is decided to have an acceptable risk of 12% in its expected life of 60 years, (a) Estimate the flood discharge by Gumbel's method for use in the design of this structure (b) If the actual flood value adopted in the design is 110,000 m/s what are the safety factor and safety margin relating to maximum flood discharge?
Reservoir and Streamflow Routing
In hydrology, a reservoir is usually a natural pond that is enlarged or made using a dam to keep the water clean. Reservoirs or dams can be constructed in several ways, including controlling the existing watercourse, disrupting the watercourse to form embayment within it, by digging or building any number of retaining walls.
Water Resource Systems Analysis
Water resources are natural water sources that may be as useful as water sources. 97% of the world's water is saltwater and only 3% is pure water; just over two-thirds of this ice sheet is located in glaciers. The remaining pure frozen water is found primarily as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above the ground or in the air. Natural sources of freshwater include surface water, under river flow, groundwater, and ice water. Artificial water sources can include treated wastewater (recycled water) and saline seawater.
hydrology engineering
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