, and they operate independently. The probability that the system will fail is 0.19 the reliability of each of the components?
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
![**Reliability of Series Components Problem**
1. A system has two components placed in series. Thus, the system will fail as soon as one of the components fails. The two components have the same reliability (i.e., probability of working), and they operate independently. The probability that the system will fail is 0.19. What is the reliability of each of the components?
**Explanation:**
In a series system, the overall system fails if any component within the system fails. Given that the components operate independently with the same reliability, the problem asks us to determine the reliability of each component based on the given probability of overall system failure, which is 0.19.
We can use the concept of complementary probabilities to solve this. The probability that the system works (i.e., does not fail) is complementary to the probability of system failure:
\[ P(\text{System Works}) = 1 - P(\text{System Fails}) = 1 - 0.19 = 0.81. \]
Since the components have the same reliability \( R \) and operate independently,
\[ R^2 = 0.81. \]
Therefore,
\[ R = \sqrt{0.81}. \]
Solve for \( R \) to find the reliability of each component.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F0cb17d95-e5df-4059-bfc5-c7da79fecf29%2F36d60ca1-097a-46be-8f8c-89a2a17f74aa%2Fqp89bnj_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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