An infant appears healthy until about 9 months of age, when he develops severe bacterial infections, one after another. Fortunately, theinfections are treated successfully with antibiotics. When infectedwith the measles and other viral diseases, the infant recovers withoutunusual difficulty. Explain the different immune responses to theseinfections. Why did it take so long for this disorder to become apparent? (Hint: Consider IgG.)

Q: Identify any five (5) lymphokines and explain their functions

A: Lymphokines are a types of cytokines, which are produced by the T lymphocytes to stimulate the B…

Q: As the thymus atrophies, you would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of...? B cells…

A: The thymus gland is a small organ that lies in the chest behind the breastbone and in front of the…

Q: Describe the role of the macrophage in theimmune response.

A: Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that are found in every tissue of the human body. They…

Q: What type of immune response involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A: The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks…

Q: In a hematocrit, which layer would you expect to see antibodies?

A: Blood is a bodily fluid in humans and other animals that transfers metabolic waste products away…

Q: Explain the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: (i) X-linked…

A:

Q: S.M.was recently diagnosed with Hodgkin disease and scheduled for a staging procedure. His previous…

A: Hodgkin disease, also known as Hodgkin lymphoma, is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic…

Q: Identify the different types of interferons and describe their origin and actions.

A: Interferons are the naturally occurring glycoproteins and a part of the cytokine family synthesized…

Q: Emil has fallen and scratched a wound on his knee. After a while, the knee swells and aches at the…

A: The entire activity of the immune system in tackling infection is depicted in the figure given.

Q: Differentiate humoral immunity and cellular immunity as to primary type of lymphocytes (cells)…

A: Humoral immunity is the process of adaptive immunity manifested by the production of antibodies by B…

Q: Describe the role of IgM in immunity

A: IgM is one of the class of antibodies and consists of five four chain structures. It is the largest…

Q: The first sentence states, “Immunodeficiency disorders disrupt your body’s ability to defend itself…

A: Immune system is a system of the body which fights off the infection in the form of external…

Q: Name the 3 major sub-types of T-lymphocytes: a. (a) ___________________ (b) ___________________ (c)…

A:

Q: Describe the location and function of diffuse lymphatic nodules and mucosa- associated lymphatic…

A: We know that Lymphatic tissue is a part of the body's defence mechanism that is present in various…

Q: Describe the structure of an immunoglobulin molecule, and namethe five major types of…

A: Step 1 Antibodies are glycoproteins, called immunoglobulins that inactivate the antigen through…

Q: In local inflammation, the vasodilation of blood vessels in the area of infection is the result of…

A: Inflammation is an immune response, which occurs when the tissues are damaged by bacteria, trauma,…

Q: Contrast the functions of the bone marrow and thymus with those of the secondary lymphoid organs.

A: The human body system that removes toxins, excess water, and waste from the body is termed the…

Q: How many types of “foreign molecules” (use the proper term where needed) does each cell recognize?…

A: Antigens can be classified according to their source: Antigens from outside the body Exogenous…

Q: Describe the processing and presentation of an intracellular antigen.

A: Antigen processing and presentation is an immunological process through which the antigen-presenting…

Q: A.S. was recently diagnosed with Hodgkin disease and scheduled for a staging procedure. His previous…

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Q: Progression from early-stage HIV disease to AIDS can beexpected within a few months:(a) In nearly…

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Q: Why are the axillary lymph nodes often biopsied in cases of suspected breast cancer?

A: Cancer is a genetic disease. It is not a single disease rather, it is two or more hundreds of…

Q: ne the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: X-linked Agammaglobulinaemia.…

A: X linked disorder is a disorder in which mutation occurs in X chromosome.  Agammaglobulinaemia means…

Q: Describe the location and function of diffuse lymphatic nodules and mucosa-associated lymphatic…

A: Lymphatic tissue is a part of the body's defence mechanism that is present in various areas of the…

Q: A pathology report from a biopsy of an enlarged supraclavicular node reads, ‘Collagen bands extend…

A: Introduction: In the body,  one of the main types of immune cells includes white blood cells…

Q: u are an emergency room physician. Marcus, a 7-year-old boy, has just presented in the ER…

A: Chest pain can be due to a variety of causes such as:  Muscle strain Peptic ulcers Asthma Lung…

Q: What is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)? Inwhat way is the location of MALT beneficial?

A: Lymphoid tissue is referred to as the organized structures principally responsible for carrying out…

Q: Whatresults in the specificity of an antibody (i.e. one antibody can bind only one particular…

A: Antibodies are proteins that are produced in the body in response to the encouter of foreign…

Q: What clinical symptoms can an inherited deficiency in complement components C3 or C4 lead to?

A: Introduction: There are three primary pathways in the complement cascade, each of which is activated…

Q: Define humoral immunity.

A: The immune system of the body is responsible for fighting the infections in the body and providing…

Q: Describe the role of IgM in immunity.

A: Natural immunoglobulin M is a pentameric, polyreactive antibody produced by the b1 B cells. This…

Q: Explain the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: (i) X-linked…

A: X-linked agammaglobulinemia  also called XLA - is an inherited (genetic) immune system disorder that…

Q: Alterations in which of the following microbial cell binding sites is the most likely cause of this…

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Q: Explain why are B cells known as Antigen Presenting cells and what happens after antigen…

A: As B cell has MHC class II so that it can present antigen.  B celk has IgM or IgD antibody that…

Q: In detail, explain the difference between Hodgkin's Lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

A: Introduction :- Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are both types of cancer…

Q: Would pneumococcal pneumonia require a TH cell to stimulate a B cell to form antibodies?

A: Introduction Lymphocytes are important cells of an immune system to generate an immune response.…

Q: A.S. was recently diagnosed with Hodgkin disease and scheduled for a staging procedure. His previous…

A: Lymphoma is the cancer of lymphocytes. Cancerous cells are those which have lost their control in…

Q: Under what circumstances is an autoimmune disorder produced?

A: An autoimmune disease is a disorder that develops when the immune system reacts abnormally to a…

Q: It sometimes is difficult to distinguish the different lymphoid organs from one another in…

A: The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that offer assistance to get rid of the body…