An ideal gas, initially at 30°C and 100 kPa, undergoes the following cyclic processes in a closed system: (a) In mechanically reversible processes, it is first compressed adiabatically to 500 kPa, then cooled at a constant pressure of 500 kPa to 30°C, and finally expanded isothermally to its original state. (b) The cycle traverses exactly the same changes of state, but each step is irreversible with an efficiency of 80% compared with the corresponding mechanically reversible process. Note: The initial step can no longer be adiabatic. Calculate Q, W, ∆U, and ∆H for each step of the process and for the cycle. Take CP = (7/2)R and CV = (5/2)R.

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Work and Heat Transfer

It is generally related to thermal engineering which tells about the use, creation, conversion and transfer of heat energy between the systems. It is also considered that to transfer heat from one source to another, transfer of masses is also required. There are various mechanisms by which, transfer of heat takes place i.e. thermal conduction, convection, radiation or by change of phase. All these mechanisms have their own specific features which sometimes occur simultaneously within the same system.