an experiment, the temperature of a hot gas stream is to be measured by a thermocouple with a spherical junction. Due to the nature of this experiment, the response time of the thermocouple to register 99 percent of the initial temperature difference must be within 5 s. The properties of the thermocouple junction are k = 34 W/m·K, ρ= 8400 kg/m3 and Cp =310 J/kg·K. If the heat transfer coefficient between the thermocouple junction and the gas is 230 W/m2·K, determine the diameter of the junction. Answer: 0.59 mm

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Maxwell speed distribution

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution or commonly known as Maxwell speed distribution, explains the division of the energy levels of the molecules of an ideal gas on the basis of the statistical theory. In 1859, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell established the context for the distribution of molecular velocities for random molecules moving in a closed environment. This theory was generalized in 1871 by German physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. He improvised the theory to express the distribution of energy levels among different molecules.