An excerpt of the t table with 57 degrees of freedom is given below. Degrees of Freedom Area in Upper Tail 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 57 0.848 1.297 1.672 2.002 2.394 2.665 The t table gives the area in the upper tail of the curve, so only positive values of t are given. However, this curve is symmetric about 0 so the area in the upper tail is the same as the area in the lower tail for a given number of degrees of freedom. That is, for 57 degrees of freedom, the area in the lower tail, left of t = −1.190, will be the same as the area in the upper tail, right of t = 1.190. We will first determine a range of the p-value corresponding to the upper tail. The columns represent the area in the upper tail of the curve and the rows represent the degrees of freedom. The values within the table are values of t. Moving along the row for 57 degrees of freedom, note that the exac
Minimization
In mathematics, traditional optimization problems are typically expressed in terms of minimization. When we talk about minimizing or maximizing a function, we refer to the maximum and minimum possible values of that function. This can be expressed in terms of global or local range. The definition of minimization in the thesaurus is the process of reducing something to a small amount, value, or position. Minimization (noun) is an instance of belittling or disparagement.
Maxima and Minima
The extreme points of a function are the maximum and the minimum points of the function. A maximum is attained when the function takes the maximum value and a minimum is attained when the function takes the minimum value.
Derivatives
A derivative means a change. Geometrically it can be represented as a line with some steepness. Imagine climbing a mountain which is very steep and 500 meters high. Is it easier to climb? Definitely not! Suppose walking on the road for 500 meters. Which one would be easier? Walking on the road would be much easier than climbing a mountain.
Concavity
In calculus, concavity is a descriptor of mathematics that tells about the shape of the graph. It is the parameter that helps to estimate the maximum and minimum value of any of the functions and the concave nature using the graphical method. We use the first derivative test and second derivative test to understand the concave behavior of the function.
| Degrees of Freedom |
Area in Upper Tail | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.025 | 0.01 | 0.005 | |
| 57 | 0.848 | 1.297 | 1.672 | 2.002 | 2.394 | 2.665 |
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