An electric motor drives a stirrer fitted with a horizontal cylinder. The cylinder of 40 cm diameter contains a fluid restrained by a frictionless piston. During the stirring of fluid for 15 min the piston moves outward slowly by a distance of 30 cm against the atmospheric pressure of 1 bar. The current supplied to the mo- tor is 0.5 amp. from a 24-V lead-acid accumulator. If the conversion efficiency from electrical work to mechanical work output is 90%, estimate the work done on the motor, stirrer and the atmosphere.
Design Against Fluctuating Loads
Machine elements are subjected to varieties of loads, some components are subjected to static loads, while some machine components are subjected to fluctuating loads, whose load magnitude tends to fluctuate. The components of a machine, when rotating at a high speed, are subjected to a high degree of load, which fluctuates from a high value to a low value. For the machine elements under the action of static loads, static failure theories are applied to know the safe and hazardous working conditions and regions. However, most of the machine elements are subjected to variable or fluctuating stresses, due to the nature of load that fluctuates from high magnitude to low magnitude. Also, the nature of the loads is repetitive. For instance, shafts, bearings, cams and followers, and so on.
Design Against Fluctuating Load
Stress is defined as force per unit area. When there is localization of huge stresses in mechanical components, due to irregularities present in components and sudden changes in cross-section is known as stress concentration. For example, groves, keyways, screw threads, oil holes, splines etc. are irregularities.
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