An agent can work for a principal. The agent's effort, a affects current profits, q₁ = a +₁, and future profits, 92= a + Eq₂, where q, are random shocks, and they are i.i.d with normal distribution N(0,2). The agent retires at the end of the first period, and his compensation cannot be based on 92. However, his compensation can depend on the stock price P = 2a+Ep, where ep~ N(0,0). The agent's utility function is exponential and equal to where it is the agent's income, while his reservation utility is . The principal chooses the agent's compen- sation contract t = w+fq₁ +sP to maximize her expected profit, while accounting for the agent's IR and IC constraints. 1. Derive the optimal compensation contract i = w+fq₁ + sp. 2. Discuss how it depends on and on its relation with o. Offer some intuition?
Dividend Valuation
Dividend refers to a reward or cash that a company gives to its shareholders out of the profits. Dividends can be issued in various forms such as cash payment, stocks, or in any other form as per the company norms. It is usually a part of the profit that the company shares with its shareholders.
Dividend Discount Model
Dividend payments are generally paid to investors or shareholders of a company when the company earns profit for the year, thus representing growth. The dividend discount model is an important method used to forecast the price of a company’s stock. It is based on the computation methodology that the present value of all its future dividends is equivalent to the value of the company.
Capital Gains Yield
It may be referred to as the earnings generated on an investment over a particular period of time. It is generally expressed as a percentage and includes some dividends or interest earned by holding a particular security. Cases, where it is higher normally, indicate the higher income and lower risk. It is mostly computed on an annual basis and is different from the total return on investment. In case it becomes too high, indicates that either the stock prices are going down or the company is paying higher dividends.
Stock Valuation
In simple words, stock valuation is a tool to calculate the current price, or value, of a company. It is used to not only calculate the value of the company but help an investor decide if they want to buy, sell or hold a company's stocks.
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