A(n) ...... in blood pressure...... the baroreceptors and thus..... the sympathetic decrease/inhibit/inhibits decrease/stimulates/stimulates decrease/inhibits/stimulates increase/stimulates/stimulates increase/inhibits/inhibits
A(n) ...... in blood pressure...... the baroreceptors and thus..... the sympathetic
decrease/inhibit/inhibits
decrease/stimulates/stimulates
decrease/inhibits/stimulates
increase/stimulates/stimulates
increase/inhibits/inhibits
The blood circulating through the cardiovascular system is responsible for the transport of oxygen and nutrients to the cells, and removal of carbon dioxide and waste from the cells. The blood is also responsible for carrying the various hormones secreted by the glands to their target organs, maintaining optimal body pH, fighting against pathogens as a part of humoral immunity, and maintenance of homeostasis.
The phenomena of maintenance of constant internal conditions, despite varying external conditions is called homeostasis. In homeostasis, a stable steady state of environment essential for the cells to execute their activities and associated physiological process is maintained at all times. The process of homeostasis for maintenance of a constant environment involves continuous monitoring of the internal environment and constantly making the required adjustments to keep things in balance. The execution of all these homeostatic processes in case of the blood vessels is regulated by constriction or dilation of the blood vessels.There are three mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis in the vascular system: neural mechanism, endocrine mechanism, and autoregulatory mechanism.
The maintenance of homeostasis in the vascular system ensures adequate blood flow, blood pressure, distribution, and ultimately perfusion. The neural mechanism for regulation of blood pressure has three main components: control centre, sensory receptors, and effector cells or system.
- The control centre of neurological regulation for maintenance of homeostasis in vessels which in turn controls blood pressure and flow is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain. This control centre receives the stimulus from the receptors located in the areas of blood vessels and based on it, generates response in the form of required physiological action to maintain homeostasis.
- There are two types of receptors in blood: baroreceptors which sense the changes in blood pressure, and chemoreceptors which monitor levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH in blood. Baroreceptors respond to the extent of stretch or caused by the presence of blood in the blood vessels, and are usually present within the blood vessels and heart chambers. Upon sensing the deviations from the normal blood pressure level. These receptors send stimulus to control the centre of the cardiovascular system located within the brain, which in turn stimulates or inhibits the sympathetic nervous system.
- When blood pressure rises too high, the baroreceptors are over activated and send stimulus to the brain which in turn stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system causing reduction in cardiac output. Therefore, an increase in blood pressure inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, leading to vasodilation and subsequent decrease in blood pressure. Similarly, a decrease in blood pressure, decreases the activity of baroreceptors which in turn stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.
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