20.Along the hydrothermal vent system, symbiotic bacteria use ______ to fuel chemosynthesis, much like phytoplankton use ______ to fuel photosynthesis.a.sunlight … chemicalsb.hydrogen sulfide … sunlightc.iron oxides … hydrogen sulfided.hydrogen sulfide … iron oxides Figure 8B-4 provides the location of hydrothermal vent systems found from 1977 to 2016, based on data from The Deep-Sea Vent Discoveries dataset. At the time of writing more than 550 vent fields are estimated across the global ocean.Global Distribution of Hydrothermal Vent Fields30'E60'E90'E120'E150'E180150'W 120'W 90'W60'W30 W90'NGakkel Ridge60'NJuanHellenikAleutian Arcde FucaKuril ArcRidgeAeoli30'Nzu-Bunin ArcRedSeaMariapa Arcand Back-Arciantic RidgeLesserAntillesnus BasinArcGalapagRiftBasinCentralIndian• RidgeWoodlarkBasinTonga Arcand LBack-ArcNewHebrid30'sS.E. Indian RidgeKermadec ArcChile RiseE ScotiaRidgePacific-Antarctic Ridge60'SBransheldStrait90'SMid-ocean ridge• ActiveIntra-plate volcano& OtherRidge & TransformArc volcanoA ActiveBack-arc spreading centerINTERRIDGEIActive--- TrenchO UnconfirmedA UnconfirmedO Unconfirmed• ActiveExclusive Economic ZonesFigure 8B-4. Active (red) and unconfirmed (yellow) hydrothermal vent fields across the global ocean. [Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Link 8B-4]abpry upul MS Life in the Deep: Hydrothermal Vent SystemsMost organisms in the ocean live within the photic zone, the upper 200 m (650 ft). They depend on the Sun to fuel autotrophs that form the basis of the marine food web. Life also exists deep on the ocean floor. These organisms do not photosynthesize organic carbon for food; instead they use chemicals that seep from Earth's hot interior along hydrothermal vents in aprocess called chemosynthesis. During chemosynthesis, bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide as an energy source to convert nutrients into organic carbon.Most vent systems are more than 3000 m (2 mi.) beneath the water's surface so very little organic carbon filters through the water column to these remote locations. In addition to the absence of sunlight, the abiotic factors that influence this ecosystem are intense pressure (300 bars), extreme temperature (2-403°C or 26-760°F), and the absence of sunlight. Figure 8B-2shows the cross-section of a hydrothermal vent system, where cool water seeps through cracks in the ocean floor and interacts with hot water close to a magma source. Chemical ions are exchanged between the ocean water and the magma. As the super-heated ocean water exits the vent system, it interacts with the cold ocean water. Ions in the super-heated plume ofwater precipitate, forming a plume of tiny, solid minerals that resembles smoke. This plume of minerals gives rise to the common name of black smokers for hydrothermal vent systems. The ions accumulate around the vent opening, producing large chimneys. The vent water also provides the fuel for chemosynthesis.2°C0.1 cm/sOxyanions, (HPO,, HVO,, Cro,, HASO,?), REE, Trace MetalsHe, Mn2*, H,S,0,4, FEOOH, MnO2, AT, CH, Fe2+, Fe,S,²Rn, H, H,S2.05°CPrecipitationChimney(Black Smoker)HOT(focussed)flowBasaltSub SeafloorMicrobial Biosphere350°CWARM...diffuse)flow2-60°CBasaltM,2SpreadingAxisO Metalliferous SedimentsOIron-Magnesium CrustsH*, Cr, Fe2*, Mn²*,H,SiO, He, H,S, CH,, CO, H,Ca", K*, Li*, Cư", Zn* Pb*SeawaterEvolvedFigure 8B-2. Cross-section of a hydrothermal vent system. [NOAA OER, Link 8B-2]Because of the harsh environment, hydrothermal vent ecosystems are home to some of the most unique organisms on the planet's surface. Over 300 new species have been discovered at hydrothermal vent systems, including the tube worms in Figure 8B-3.The red plumes on the tube worm house symbiotic bacteria that perform chemosynthesis. These bacteria are ableto use chemicals (hydrogen sulfide) from the vent plume as the energy source to produce organic carbon that provides food for the entire ecosystem. The remaining vent organisms rely on the food supply produced by the tube worms for survival. Other prominent members of the vent community are fish, dandelions, crabs, clams, mussels, shrimp, limpets, andoctopuses.SeawaterSeawater

On the deep bottom, where creatures face extreme pressure, near-freezing temperatures, and…

Answered: Along the hydrothermal vent system,…

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)

9th Edition

ISBN:9780134746241

Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa

Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa

Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1LR

See similar textbooks

Related questions

Question

20.Along the hydrothermal vent system, symbiotic bacteria use ______ to fuel chemosynthesis, much like phytoplankton use ______ to fuel photosynthesis.
a.sunlight … chemicals
b.hydrogen sulfide … sunlight
c.iron oxides … hydrogen sulfide
d.hydrogen sulfide … iron oxides