AL, TI, SR 1. Identify which element (from above) will have the largest atomic radius 2. Identify which element (from above) will have the highest electronegativity (hardest to remove an electron).
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
AL, TI, SR
1. Identify which element (from above) will have the largest atomic radius
2. Identify which element (from above) will have the highest electronegativity (hardest to remove an electron).
1. Atomic radius:
The atomic radius of an element decreases as we move from left to right in a period and it increases when we go down in a group. This is because in periods the valence electrons are in the same outermost shell. The atomic number increases within the same period while moving from left to right which in turn increases the effective nuclear charge. The increase in attractive forces reduces the atomic radius of elements. In a group the atomic radius increases as we move from top to bottom because the valance shell electronic configuration remains the same in a group and the number of shells increases as we move from top to bottom.
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