**Definition.** Suppose \( X \) and \( Y \) are topological spaces. The **product topology** on the product \( X \times Y \) is the topology whose basis is all sets of the form \( U \times V \), where \( U \) is an open set in \( X \) and \( V \) is an open set in \( Y \). (2) \( X \) is **Hausdorff**, or a \( T_2 \)-space, if and only if for every pair \( x, y \) of distinct points there are **disjoint** open sets \( U, V \) such that \( x \in U \) and \( y \in V \). **Theorem 4.16.** Let \( X \) and \( Y \) be Hausdorff. Then \( X \times Y \) is Hausdorff.
Inverse Normal Distribution
The method used for finding the corresponding z-critical value in a normal distribution using the known probability is said to be an inverse normal distribution. The inverse normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with a family of two parameters.
Mean, Median, Mode
It is a descriptive summary of a data set. It can be defined by using some of the measures. The central tendencies do not provide information regarding individual data from the dataset. However, they give a summary of the data set. The central tendency or measure of central tendency is a central or typical value for a probability distribution.
Z-Scores
A z-score is a unit of measurement used in statistics to describe the position of a raw score in terms of its distance from the mean, measured with reference to standard deviation from the mean. Z-scores are useful in statistics because they allow comparison between two scores that belong to different normal distributions.
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