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Adipocytes store fat in phospholipid-coated droplets in the cytosol. The protein perilipin is also associated with the surface of the lipid droplet. (a) Describe the likely structure of the perilipin protein. (b) Explain how phosphorylation of perilipin could help expose the lipids in the droplet to digestion by lipases.

Adipocytes store fat in phospholipid-coated droplets in the cytosol. The protein perilipin is also associated with the surface of the lipid droplet. (a) Describe the likely structure of the perilipin protein. (b) Explain how phosphorylation of perilipin could help expose the lipids in the droplet to digestion by lipases.

Biochemistry
Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN:9781319114671
Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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1. In the inositol signaling pathway, both IP, and diacylglycerol (DAG) are hormonal second 3 messengers. If certain protein kinases in cells are activated by binding, how do IP3 and DAG act in a complementary fashion to elicit cellular responses inside cells? 2. In some forms of diabetes, a mutation in the D subunit of the insulin receptor abolishes the enzymatic activity of that subunit. How does the mutation affect the cell's response to insulin? Can additional insulin (e.g., from injections) overcome the defect? 3. At pH 7, tryptophan crosses a lipid bilayer at about one-thousandth the rate of indole, a closely related compound: Suggest an explanation for this observation, 4. The removal of fatty acids from triacylglycerols leaves glycerol. Show how the actions of glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphatedehydrogenase on glycerol produce an intermediate of glycolysis. 5. Adipocytes store fat in phospholipid-coated droplets in the cytosol. The protein perilipin is also associated with the surface of the lipid droplet. (a) Describe the likely structure of the perilipin protein. (b) Explain how phosphorylation of perilipin could help expose the lipids in the droplet to digestion by lipases. 6. A deficiency of a citric acid cycle enzyme in both mitochondria and the cytosol of some tissues (e.g., blood lymphocytes) results in severe neurological abnormalities in newborns. The disease is characterized by excretion in the urine of abnormally large amounts of a-ketoglutarate, succinate, and fumarate. What enzyme deficiency would lead to these symptoms? 1. Name the three enzymes that form the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. 8. For each reaction listed below, indicate the appropriate enzyme(s) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the relevant cofactor(s), if applicable. 9. Reaction Enzyme Cofactor (a) Oxidative formation of an enzymatic disulfide bond (b) Transfer of hydroxyethyl group bound to TPP (c) Liberation of CO2
Transcribed Image Text:1. In the inositol signaling pathway, both IP, and diacylglycerol (DAG) are hormonal second 3 messengers. If certain protein kinases in cells are activated by binding, how do IP3 and DAG act in a complementary fashion to elicit cellular responses inside cells? 2. In some forms of diabetes, a mutation in the D subunit of the insulin receptor abolishes the enzymatic activity of that subunit. How does the mutation affect the cell's response to insulin? Can additional insulin (e.g., from injections) overcome the defect? 3. At pH 7, tryptophan crosses a lipid bilayer at about one-thousandth the rate of indole, a closely related compound: Suggest an explanation for this observation, 4. The removal of fatty acids from triacylglycerols leaves glycerol. Show how the actions of glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphatedehydrogenase on glycerol produce an intermediate of glycolysis. 5. Adipocytes store fat in phospholipid-coated droplets in the cytosol. The protein perilipin is also associated with the surface of the lipid droplet. (a) Describe the likely structure of the perilipin protein. (b) Explain how phosphorylation of perilipin could help expose the lipids in the droplet to digestion by lipases. 6. A deficiency of a citric acid cycle enzyme in both mitochondria and the cytosol of some tissues (e.g., blood lymphocytes) results in severe neurological abnormalities in newborns. The disease is characterized by excretion in the urine of abnormally large amounts of a-ketoglutarate, succinate, and fumarate. What enzyme deficiency would lead to these symptoms? 1. Name the three enzymes that form the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. 8. For each reaction listed below, indicate the appropriate enzyme(s) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the relevant cofactor(s), if applicable. 9. Reaction Enzyme Cofactor (a) Oxidative formation of an enzymatic disulfide bond (b) Transfer of hydroxyethyl group bound to TPP (c) Liberation of CO2
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