According to the Lewis model of bonding, atoms bond together in such a way that each atom par- ticipating in the bond acquires an outer-shell electron configuration matching that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. (b) Atoms that lose electrons to achieve a filled valence shell become cations and form ionic bonds with anions.
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
Answer true or false.
(a) According to the Lewis model of bonding, atoms bond together in such a way that each atom par- ticipating in the bond acquires an outer-shell electron configuration matching that of the noble gas nearest to it in
(b) Atoms that lose electrons to achieve a filled valence shell become cations and form ionic bonds with anions.
(c) Atoms that gain electrons to achieve filled valence shells become anions and form ionic bonds with cations.
(d) Atoms that share electrons to achieve filled valence shells form covalent bonds.
(e) Ionic bonds tend to form between elements on the left side of the Periodic Table, and covalent bonds tend to form between elements on the right side of the Periodic Table.
(f) Ionic bonds tend to form between a metal and a nonmetal.
(g) When two nonmetals combine, the bond between them is usually covalent.
(h) Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s attrac- tion for the electrons it shares in a
(i) Electronegativity generally increases with atomic number.
(j) Electronegativity generally increases with atomic weight.
(k) Electronegativity is a periodic property.
(l) Fluorine, in the upper-right corner of the Periodic Table, is the most electronegative element; hydro- gen, in the upper-left corner, is the least electro- negative element.
(m) Electronegativity depends on both the nuclear charge and the distance of the valence electrons from the nucleus.
(n) Electronegativity generally increases from left to right across a period of the Periodic Table.
(o) Electronegativity generally increases from top to bottom in a column of the Periodic Table.
21.
Answer true or false.
(a) An ionic bond is formed by the combination of positive and negative ions.
(b) An ionic bond between two atoms forms by the transfer of one or more valence electrons from the atom of higher electronegativity to the atom of lower electronegativity.
(c) As a rough guideline, we say that an ionic bond will form if the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is approximately 1.9 or greater.
(d) In forming NaCl from sodium and chlorine atoms, one electron is transferred from the valence shell of sodium to the valence shell of chlorine.
(e) The formula of sodium sulfide is Na2 S.
(f) The formula of calcium hydroxide is CaOH.
(g) The formula of aluminum sulfide is AlS.
(h) The formula of iron(III) oxide is Fe3 O2 .
(i) Barium ion is Ba21, and oxide ion is O2 2 ; there- fore, the formula of barium oxide is Ba2 O2 .
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