According to Irving Fisher’s two period model, if the consumers face borrowing constraint, the first-period consumption cannot exceed first-period income True False
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According to Irving Fisher’s two period model, if the consumers face borrowing constraint, the first-period consumption cannot exceed first-period income True False
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- Consider a two-period model in which the goverment introduces a tax on interest earnings. This means that borrowers pay a net interest rate of r, however lenders (savers) receive a net interest rate of (1 – t)r on their savings, where t is the tax rate withheld by the government and is a multiplication sign. Let r = 8 percent and t = 28 percent. Consider a consumer who is a saver. Answer parts a), b), c) and d) below. Round your numerical answer in part a) to 3 decimal places. a). The relative price of consumption today to consumption tomorrow for this saver is b). Suppose the tax rate increases. How does the saver's relative price of consumption today change? A. Consumption today has the same price relative to consumption tomorrow. B. Consumption today becomes relatively more expensive C. Consumption today becomes relatively cheaper c). As a result, the substitution effect shows that A. Consumption today increases, while consumption tomorrow decreases B. Consumption today remains…Consider the problem of an individual that has Y dollars to spend on consuming over two periods. Let c, denote the amount of consumption that the individual would like to purchase in period 1 and c2 denote the amount of consumption that the individual would like to consume in period 2. The individual begins period 1 with Y dollars and can purchase c1 units of the consumption good at a price P and can save any unspent wealth. Use sı to denote the amount of savings the individual chooses to hold at the end of period 1. Any wealth that is saved earns interest at rate r so that the amount of wealth the individual has at his/her disposal to purchase consumption goods in period 2 is (1+r)s1. This principal and interest on savings is used to finance period 2 consumption. Again, for simplicity, we can assume that it costs P2 dollars to buy a unit of the consumption good in period 2. 2 The individual's total happiness is measured by the sum of period utility across time, u(cı) + u(c2). Let u(c)…a) How do the pay-as-you-go and fully funded social security systems affect the equilibrium in the model with interrupted generations?
- APPLIED ECONOMICS Topic: Intertemporal Choice Levinn’s utility function is expressed as the following: U= C1 C2 0.3 where C1 is his first periodconsumption and C2 is his second period consumption. His income in the first period is$2500 and interest rate is at 10%. If at equilibrium, Levinn is neither a borrower nor a lender,then what is his expected income in the second period? Show the graph if possibleRead Kiyotaki (1998). Consider the model in section 2 of the paper. Suppose there is no borrowing constraint (i.e., assume 0 is arbitrarily large). Also assume that a = 1.2, ß = 0.9, y = 1.05, d = 0.1, and n = 4. (The notations of variables and parameters follow Kiyotaki (1998). Just in case, & denotes the lower case of Delta in the Greek alphabet.) Reference: Kivotaki, N. (1998). "Credit and Business Cycles." The Japanese Economic Review, volume 49, issue 1, pages 18-35. 1. What is the equilibrium value of the net interest rate in the steady state? (For example, if your answer is 5% in percentage points, then enter 0.05.) 2. Compute the ratio of aggregate borrowing (Bt+1 /rt) to aggregate output (Yt + Y't) in the steady state. (You can assume that this ratio is constant in each period in the steady state.) Notes: Make sure to clarify the notations of variables and parameters in your proof clearly if they are different from those defined in Kiyotaki (1998).= Part B: Suppose you are given y₁ > 0, y2 = 0, a₁ 0,r> 0. What would happen to the opportunity set if i) the first period endowment y₁ increases or ii) the market interest rate (r) decreases? You should answer this question by drawing a figure (you can use pen and paper). Be sure to define the intercepts and slope of the opportunity set in each case. Please also answer this question in general terms.
- Use the following parameters to sketch two budget constraints, one with no (or $0) basic personal amount (BPA) and one with $1000 BPA, in a diagram:i. Assume there is only one tax bracket with income tax rate 50%ii. Time endowment = 24, wage rate per hour = $100iii. No other deductions and tax credits. Based on your diagram, discuss how the increase in BPA from $0 to $1000 would affect the labor supply due to the substitution and income effects.Consider the two-period household-maximization model discussed in class. The model is modified in order to look at applications including credit constraints, interest-rate markups, and taxation. A representative household lives for two periods and maximizes utility of consumption in period 1 and in period 2. The utility is represented by log(c) where c denotes consumption. Assuming no discounting between period 1 and period 2. The maximization problem for the representative household can be written as a) Explain what is meant by a representative household. Briefly explain the budget constraints of the representative households and of the government. Explain the role played by the assumption that the representative households lives for only two periods and the assumption of “no discounting”.Read Kiyotaki (1998). Consider the model in section 2 of the paper. Suppose there is no borrowing constraint (i.e., assume is arbitrarily large). Also assume that a = 1.2, 3=0.9, y = 1.05, 8 = 0.1, and n = 4. (The notations of variables and parameters follow Kiyotaki (1998). Just in case, & denotes the lower case of Delta in the Greek alphabet.) Reference: Kiyotaki, N. (1998). "Credit and Business Cycles." The Japanese Economic Review, volume 49, issue 1, pages 18-35. (You can obtain a free electronic copy of this article through the university library's website. If you do not know how, please ask the librarians.) Answer the following questions. 1. What is the equilibrium value of the net interest rate in the steady state? Enter your answer in the blank box below. (For example, if your answer is 5% in percentage points, then enter 0.05 in the blank box below.) 2. Compute the ratio of aggregate borrowing (Bt+1/rt) to aggregate output (Yt + Y') in the steady state. (You can assume that…
- In the context of the Irving Fisher two-period model, if a person is a saver (i.e., C1 < Y1), a fall inthe real interest rate causes: (a) C1 to rise; C2 to fall(b) C1 ambiguous; C2 to fall(c) C1 to fall; C2 ambiguous(d) C1 to fall; C2 to riseWhat is the intuition behind the growth rate of non-traded goods consumption as a function of preference shocks, interest rate, and the relative prices of period 1 and period 2 in a two-period Traded and Non-traded Good model?Suppose that optimal consumption in the first period is given by: c^* = (1+ r)/ (2 + r) × we, (1) where we is the household's lifetime wealth (after taxes). Is the optimal consumption behaviour implied by (1) consistent with the Permanent Income Hypothesis? Why?
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