a. SCALE RATIO. What scale ratios are suitable to replace the following equivalence scales: 1cm=245m, 1cm=250cm, 1cm=250cm, 1cm=500cm, 1cm-1.5km, 1mm-50m, and 1cm-25km. b. SCALE RATIO. The measured ground distance between two points is 3,525.65m. If the corresponding distance between the two points on a map is 2.35 cm, determine the scale of the map c. EQUIVALENCE SCALES. On a map with a scale of 1cm=150m, the measured length of a concrete fence is 0.20m. Determine the equivalent ground length in kilometers. d. EQUIVALENT SCALES. The total length of a closed plane table traverse is 2375m. When plotted it fails to close by 0.75 cm. If the map scale is 1cm=25m, what misclosure (in meters) is obtained?

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Coordinate Geometry of Survey

Coordinate geometry (COGO) is a method of inserting surveying or engineering data into geographic information system (GIS), computer-aided design (CAD), or mapping software. These data can be collected on the proposed construction site using standard surveying techniques and instrumentation or may be taken from existing maps, engineering plans, drawings, or records. Data gathered on the site includes coordinates of points, bearings, and distances between points. The data are noticed and noted through conventional surveying procedures, like a traverse or layout measurement series and it can be either digital or non-digital. The maps and plans are inclusive of boundaries, divisions, and other components, and these features are shown with coordinate values, the lengths, offset distance, and bearings between them.