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a. Phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast genes Brown algae Diatoms Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates Cryptophyte algae Red algae Red algae Green algae Euglenids Green algae Chlorarachniophyte algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Land plants Glaucocystophytes Cyanobacteria b. Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear genes Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Glaucocystophytes Red algae Green algae (including land plants) Cryptophyte algae 140000 Diatoms Brown algae Dinoflagellates Chlorarachniophyte algae Chloroplast genes relate brown algae, diatoms, most dinoflagellates, and cryptophyte algae to red algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. Excavates Chloroplast genes relate euglenids and chlorarachniophyte algae to green algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. Chloroplasts form a monophyletic group nested within cyanobacteria, providing strong evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts. - Archaeplastids Cryptists - Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Coccolithophorid algae Haptists Centrohelids Euglenids

a. Phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast genes Brown algae Diatoms Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates Cryptophyte algae Red algae Red algae Green algae Euglenids Green algae Chlorarachniophyte algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Land plants Glaucocystophytes Cyanobacteria b. Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear genes Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Glaucocystophytes Red algae Green algae (including land plants) Cryptophyte algae 140000 Diatoms Brown algae Dinoflagellates Chlorarachniophyte algae Chloroplast genes relate brown algae, diatoms, most dinoflagellates, and cryptophyte algae to red algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. Excavates Chloroplast genes relate euglenids and chlorarachniophyte algae to green algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. Chloroplasts form a monophyletic group nested within cyanobacteria, providing strong evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts. - Archaeplastids Cryptists - Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Coccolithophorid algae Haptists Centrohelids Euglenids

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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a. Phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast genes Brown algae Diatoms Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates Cryptophyte algae Red algae Red algae Green algae Euglenids Green algae Chlorarachniophyte algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Land plants Glaucocystophytes Cyanobacteria b. Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear genes Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Glaucocystophytes Red algae Green algae (including land plants) Cryptophyte algae 140000 Diatoms Brown algae Dinoflagellates Chlorarachniophyte algae Chloroplast genes relate brown algae, diatoms, most dinoflagellates, and cryptophyte algae to red algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. -Excavates Chloroplast genes relate euglenids and chlorarachniophyte algae to green algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. Chloroplasts form a monophyletic group nested within cyanobacteria, providing strong evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts. -Archaeplastids Cryptists -Stramenopiles - Alveolates Rhizarians Coccolithophorid algae Haptists Centrohelids Euglenids
Transcribed Image Text:a. Phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast genes Brown algae Diatoms Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates Cryptophyte algae Red algae Red algae Green algae Euglenids Green algae Chlorarachniophyte algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Land plants Glaucocystophytes Cyanobacteria b. Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear genes Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Glaucocystophytes Red algae Green algae (including land plants) Cryptophyte algae 140000 Diatoms Brown algae Dinoflagellates Chlorarachniophyte algae Chloroplast genes relate brown algae, diatoms, most dinoflagellates, and cryptophyte algae to red algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. -Excavates Chloroplast genes relate euglenids and chlorarachniophyte algae to green algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. Chloroplasts form a monophyletic group nested within cyanobacteria, providing strong evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts. -Archaeplastids Cryptists -Stramenopiles - Alveolates Rhizarians Coccolithophorid algae Haptists Centrohelids Euglenids
Phylogenies based on sequences from organellar genomes and nuclear genomes from the same group of species yield phylogenetic trees with different branching patterns. How is this possible? O Endosymbiosis makes this possible. The genome of the chloroplast is more closely related to members of the group in which it originally evolved, whereas the nuclear genome of the engulfing organism has its own evolutionary trajectory. Nuclear and organellar genes evolved at different rates, obscuring evolutionary relationships. Endosymbiosis makes this possible. Transfer of genetic material from the genome of the endosymbiont to the host results in two different phylogenies, host and endosymbiont. The host genome continues to accumulate mutations, but the endosymbiont genome cannot. For organelles like chloroplasts, no mutations can occur, or photosynthesis would stop and the organism would die. The nuclear genome can accumulate mutations, so it can continue to evolve.
Transcribed Image Text:Phylogenies based on sequences from organellar genomes and nuclear genomes from the same group of species yield phylogenetic trees with different branching patterns. How is this possible? O Endosymbiosis makes this possible. The genome of the chloroplast is more closely related to members of the group in which it originally evolved, whereas the nuclear genome of the engulfing organism has its own evolutionary trajectory. Nuclear and organellar genes evolved at different rates, obscuring evolutionary relationships. Endosymbiosis makes this possible. Transfer of genetic material from the genome of the endosymbiont to the host results in two different phylogenies, host and endosymbiont. The host genome continues to accumulate mutations, but the endosymbiont genome cannot. For organelles like chloroplasts, no mutations can occur, or photosynthesis would stop and the organism would die. The nuclear genome can accumulate mutations, so it can continue to evolve.
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