Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
Which species in each pair is more stable?
Since you have posted question with multiple sub-parts, we are entitled to answer the first 3 only.
a) Since, more the resonance between the -ve charge and the double bond, more will be the stability.
Since in compound 1 we have -ve charge on O which is not in conjugation with C=O, while in compound 2 we have conjugation between the -ve charge on O and C=O.
Hence there will be resonance between the -ve charge and the C=O in compound 2 while its not in compound 1.
Hence compound 2 is more stable than compound 1.
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