A zenith angle was read twice direct giving values of 88°22′54″ and 88°22′56″, andtwice reverse yielding readings of 272°37′20″ and 272°37′22″. What is the mean zenith angle? What is the indexing error?

A zenith angle was read twice direct giving values of 88°22′54″ and 88°22′56″, andtwice reverse yielding readings of 272°37′20″ and 272°37′22″. What is the mean zenith angle? What is the indexing error?

Structural Analysis

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337630931

Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Chapter2: Loads On Structures

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Concept explainers

Errors in surveying

An error in surveying is defined as the difference between two or more values of an identical quantity. However, the estimates are never accurate and there will always be a degree of variability regardless of the research tool or method used. These differences are known as errors that need to be reduced or eliminated to maintain certain levels of accuracy. Even if you carefully follow the prescribed test procedures, the considerations may contain errors.

Question

A zenith angle was read twice direct giving values of 88°22′54″ and 88°22′56″, and
twice reverse yielding readings of 272°37′20″ and 272°37′22″. What is the mean zenith angle? What is the indexing error?

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surveying errors and mistakes